Table 1.

The antibacterial mechanism and synthetic method of metal nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials	Synthetic Method	Mode of Action	Bacterial Species	Ref.
Ag NPs	Chemical reduction	Ag+	E. coli and S. aureus	[33]
Nano-Ag	Photoreduction	Ag+ and ROS	E. coli	[34]
Ag NPs	Chemical reduction	ROS	Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae	[35]
Ag NPs	Hydrothermal reaction	Ag+	E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans	[36]
Au NPs	Seed-mediated growth	ROS	B. subtilis and E. coli	[37]
Au NPs	Chemical reduction	No information	E. coli	[28]
Au NCs	Chemical reduction	ROS	E. coli, S. aureus, MDR E. coli, and MDR S. aureus	[29]
Au NRs	Chemical reduction	ROS	E. coli and S. aureus	[38]
Cu NPs	Solution casting method	Free radicals	E. coli and S. aureus	[39]
Cu NPs	Atmosphere arc discharge method	ROS	S. sanguinis, P. gingivalis, and S. mutans	[40]
Cu NPs	Biosynthetic method	ROS	E. coli and S. aureus	[41]

NPs, nanoparticles; NCs, nanoclusters ROS, reactive oxygen species.