Table 2.

The antibacterial mechanism and synthetic method of metal oxide nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials	Synthetic Method	Mode of Action	Bacterial Species	Ref.
ZnO NPs	Atmosphere arc discharge method	ROS	S. sanguinis, P. gingivalis, and S. mutans	[40]
ZnO NPs	Biosynthetic method	ROS and Zn+	E. coli and S. aureus P. aeruginosa and C. albicans	[47]
Flower-shaped ZnO	Wet chemical method	ROS	E. coli	[48]
Nano-TiO2	No information	ROS	E. coli and A. hydrophila	[49]
TiO2 nanowire	Hydrothermal reaction	ROS	Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria	[50]
TiO2 NPs	Purchased from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials Inc. and MK Impex Corp., Division MK Nano	ROS	E. coli	[51]