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Changes after Ins and Rn addition to astrocytes in primary culture. Rn facilitates the effects of insulin, increasing cell viability and proliferation, along with the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as PPAR-γ, and inhibiting that of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as COX-2. Furthermore, Rn potentiated the effect of insulin on the expression of an antioxidant enzyme (Mn-SOD), the components of the AKT-eNOS pathway, and the ERK signaling pathway.
