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. 2022 Oct 1;23(19):11629. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911629

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of metformin on BTICs and TCs. (A) We compared proliferation of proneural (-8, -18) and mesenchymal BTICs (-11, -13) and TCs with or without 1 mM metformin after 96 h of treatment (fold change metformin/control). Proliferation was normalized to the 0 h value. Proneural BTIC-8 and -18 showed lower proliferation rates after metformin treatment than mesenchymal BTIC-11 and -13. (B) Migration of proneural (-8, -18) and mesenchymal (-11, -13) BTICs and TCs with or without 10 mM metformin was measured after 24 h of treatment. Migration was normalized to the 0 h value and results are presented as fold change metformin/control. Proneural BTIC-8 and -18 showed lower migration rates than mesenchymal BTIC-11 and 13, and also compared to proneural and mesenchymal TCs. (C) Increasing doses of metformin led to inhibition of mTOR and activation of AMPK in Western blot analyses after 48 h of treatment in BTIC-18. Asterisks next to the blots are indicative of the corresponding GAPDH control. Oxygen consumption over 8 h (PreSens Assay) decreased under treatment with metformin in both (D) BTIC-18 and (E) TC-18, but levels of endogenous oxygen consumption varied markedly. All assays were performed in triplicate. Significant results are only depicted for valid comparisons, i.e., comparing proneural and mesenchymal BTICs or proneural and mesenchymal TCs, or the corresponding BTIC and TC pair. Asterisks indicate * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.