Table 2.
Acetylation of host proteins during viral infection.
| Protein | Acetylation Site | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| RIG-I | K909 | Deacetylation is critical for RIG-I activation in vivo and the production of IFN-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines | [28,29] |
| OTUD3 | K129 | Hydrolyzes Lys63-linked poly-ubiquitination of MAVS to antagonize RLR signaling and shuts off innate antiviral immune response | [32] |
| TBK1 | K241 | Deacetylation of TBK1 activates the phosphorylation of TBK1, enhances its kinase activity, and leads to an increased induction of type I IFNs | [33] |
| IRF3 | Prompts the DNA-binding activity of IRF3 homodimer | [34] | |
| IRF7 | K92 | Negatively modulates IRF7 DNA binding | [35] |
| cGAS | N-terminal domain | Has a higher affinity to viral DNA and initiates a MITA/STING-dependent innate immune response to DNA viruses | [36] |
| IFI16 | K99, K128 | Regulates subcellular localization and determines the initiation of pro-inflammatory responses and innate immune signaling when infected with DNA viruses, limiting viral replication and transmission | [37] |
| P65 | K218, K221, K310 | Regulates different NF-kB functions | [38] |
| IFNAR | K399 | Recruits IRF9, STAT1, and STAT2 | [40] |
| K685 | Regulates STAT3 dimerization and promotes nuclear accumulation of STAT3 and transcriptional activation following cytokine-induced signaling | [41] | |
| ISG15 | C-terminal LRLRGG | Deacetylation promotes the recycling of ISG15, targets selective autophagic degradation, and inhibits viral transmission | [42,43,44] |
| α-tublin | Enhances microtubule stability | [45,46] | |
| HSP90 | K294 | Reduces nuclear accumulation of viral polymerases and attenuates viral replication | [48] |
| p53 | K379 | Trans-activates pro-apoptotic and IFN-stimulated genes to promote virus-induced apoptosis and activates the interferon pathway to enhance the antiviral effect | [49] |
| LMNB1 | K134 | A molecular toggle that controls nuclear periphery stability, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair; prevents lamina disruptions to inhibit virus production |
[50] |
| NEDD4 | K667 | Essential for activating VP40 ubiquitination and virus budding | [51] |
| H3K9 | Plays an important role in BoDV-1-induced memory impairment | [52] | |
| Histone | H3, H4 subunits | Activates the transcription process | [54] |