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. 2022 Sep 20;23(19):11013. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911013

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect of pCS on TNF-α and IL-6 releases by BV2 microglia. The BV2 microglial cells (5.000 per well) were incubated with pCS for 24 h with or without LPS (1000 ng/mL). (A) The concentration of TNF-α in culture medium: n = 3 from 3 independent experiments. (B) The concentration of IL-6 in culture medium: n = 4 from 4 independent experiments. Black: constitutive cytokine release; red: LPS-induced cytokine release; blue: effect of pCS on constitutive cytokine release; green: effect of pCS on LPS-induced cytokine release. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.