Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the population selected for the Discovery and Replication studies.
| Discovery Study 1 | Replication Study 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Controls (n = 137) | Cases (n = 137) | p-Value 3 | Controls (n = 101) | Cases (n = 101) | p-Value 3 |
| Men, N (%) | 53 (38.7) | 53 (38.7) | NS | 36 (35.6) | 36 (35.6) | NS |
| Age, mean (SD) | 53.8 (8.4) | 53.8 (8.3) | NS | 61.1 (8.4) | 61. 2 (8.3) | NS |
| Education level (primary/secondary/superior), N (%) | 6/71/60 (4.4/51.8/43.8) |
25/80/32 (18.2/58.4/23.4) |
<0.001 | 5/35/61 (4.9/34.7/60.4) |
5/45/51 (4.9/44.6/50.5) |
NS |
| Localization (rural/urban), N (%) | 30/107 (21.9/78.1) |
69/68 (50.4/49.6) |
<0.001 | 28/73 (27.7/72.3) |
26/75 (25.7/74.3) |
NS |
| Smoking status (never/former/current), N (%) | 76/32/29 (55.5/23.4/21.2) |
66/42/29 (48.2/30.7/21.2) |
NS | 46/50/5 (45.5/49.5/5.0) |
46/50/5 (45.5/49.5/5.0) |
NS |
| Physical activity (low/moderate/intense), N (%) | 0/37/100 (0/27.0/73.0) |
0/32/105 (0/23.4/76.6) |
NS | 14/41/46 (13.9/40.6/45.5) |
14/41/46 (13.9/40.6/45.5) |
NS |
| Season of blood draw (winter/spring/summer/fall), N (%) | 37/25/15/60 (27.0/18.2/10.9/43.8) |
24/26/25/62 (17.5/19.0/18.2/45.3) |
NS | 28/34/14/25 (27.7/33.7/13.9/24.8) |
28/34/14/25 (27.7/33.7/13.9/24.8) |
NS |
| Menopausal status (NA/non menop/menop), N (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 36/5/60 (35.6/5.0/59.4) |
36/5/60 (35.6/5.0/59.4) |
NS |
| AHEI 4 score, mean (SD) | 47.8 (8.9) | 44.9 (8.2) | <0.001 | 53.9 (12.1) | 47.7 (11.6) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 81 (10) | 100 (14) | <0.001 | 82 (13) | 96 (10) | <0.001 |
| SBP (systolic blood pressure, mmHg), mean (SD) | 139 (20) | 152 (19) | <0.001 | 130 (18) | 143 (16) | <0.001 |
| DBP (diastolic blood pressure, mmHg), mean (SD) | 83 (10) | 90 (10) | <0.001 | 77 (10) | 83 (9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 90.0 (10.7) | 108.5 (21.1) | <0.001 | 89.3 (7.6) | 100.7 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| TG (triglycerides, mg/dL), mean (SD) | 85.3 (34.3) | 160.7 (79.0) | <0.001 | 90.6 (37.9) | 144.9 (60.8) | <0.001 |
| HDLc (high density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL), mean (SD) | 66.9 (15.1) | 50.8 (15.8) | <0.001 | 65.7 (13.5) | 55.9 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| MetS-z-Score 5, mean (SD) | −0.7 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.7) | <0.001 | −0.7 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 67 (12) | 85 (17) | <0.001 | 65 (16) | 81 (15) | <0.001 |
| BMI (body mass index, kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25 (4) | 31 (5) | <0.001 | 24 (4) | 29 (5) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 98 (7) | 109 (10) | <0.001 | 96 (9) | 105 (10) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 192.9 (31.3) | 198.7 (38.9) | NS | 230.8 (39.5) | 226.5 (44.2) | NS |
| LDLc (low density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL), mean (SD) | 109.5 (29.9) | 116.5 (34.2) | <0.05 | 146.9 (34.3) | 141.6 (36.1) | NS |
| Visceral fat (kg), mean (SD) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 8 (4) | 11 (4) | <0.001 |
| Visceral mass on body trunk (%) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 24 | 32 | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg), mean (SD) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 17 (8) | 27 (10) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass on body trunk (kg), mean (SD) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 9 (5) | 14 (5) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, N (%) | 32 (23.4) | 133 (97.1) | <0.001 | 34 (33.7) | 95 (94.1) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure, N (%) | 89 (65.0) | 129 (94.2) | <0.001 | 50 (49.5) | 98 (97.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, N (%) | 5 (3.6) | 75 (54.7) | <0.001 | 6 (5.9) | 49 (48.5) | <0.001 |
| Low HDLc, N (%) | 2 (1.5) | 50 (36.5) | <0.001 | 1 (1.0) | 27 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia, N (%) | 10 (7.3) | 103 (75.2) | <0.001 | 8 (7.9) | 63 (62.4) | <0.001 |
Control group: participants with <3 criteria of MetS, Case group: participants with ≥3 criteria of MetS (obesity, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-c and hyperglycemia). n.d. for not determined. 1 Selected participants were matched on sex, age (2 y classes), smoking status (never+former vs. current) and physical activity (low vs. moderate+intense). 2 Selected participants were matched on sex, age (2 y classes), smoking status (never/former/irregular/current), physical activity (low/moderate/intense), meno-pausal status (NA/yes/no) and season of blood draw (winter/spring/summer/fall). 3 Differences between Case and Control for each parameter was assed using univariate analysis and taking into consideration the matching of participants. The non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for quantitative variables (expressed in mean ± SD) whereas the contingency Fisher test was used for qualitative variables. NS for non-significant when the p-value is >0.05. 4 AHEI score (Alternative Healthy Eating Index) was used to estimate the quality of diet, this score considering the recent knowledge on foods/nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk (range from 0 for non-adherence to 110 for perfect adherence103. 5 MetS-z-score is a derived z-score which assessed the severity of the MetS and was calculated as: Y + a × waist − b × HDLc + c × SBP + d × log(TG) + e × glucose, with the coefficients Y, a, b, c, d and e which are specific according sex, ethnicity and age (adults vs. teenager).