| ATR | attenuated total reflection |
| BSA | bovine serum albumin |
| CQA | critical quality attribute |
| EDC | 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide |
| FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared |
| IPA | isopropyl alcohol |
| IRE | internal reflection element |
| mAb | monoclonal antibody |
| MUA | 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid |
| NHS | N-hydroxysuccinimide |
| PBS | Phosphate Buffered Saline |
| SAM | self-assembled monolayer |
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