ACS	acute coronary syndrome
ADAMTS	disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif
AGEs	advanced glycation end products
Ang-1	Angiopoietin 1
AS	atherosclerosis
BAX	Bcl-2-associated X protein
CD13	cluster of differentiation 13
CVCs	calcifying vascular cells
DLK-1	delta-like homolog 1 or Endosialin
Dll4	Delta Like Canonical Notch Ligand 4
DM	diabetes mellitus
DN	diabetic nephropathy
DR	diabetic retinopathy
EC	endothelial cells
ECM	extracellular matrix
eNOS	Endothelia Nitric Oxide Synthase
FGF	fibroblast growth factor
HbA1c	glycosylated haemoglobin
HIF-1	Hypoxia inducible factor-1
HPSCs	human pluripotent stem cells
IPH	intraplaque haemorrhage
KLF2	Kruppel like Factor 2
MMP	matrix metalloproteinases
MSCs	multipotent mesenchymal stem cells
NF-κB	nuclear factor-kB
NG-2	Neuron-glial antigen 2
Ninj1	Ninjurin 1 or Nerve injury-induced protein 1
Notch1	Notch homolog 1
OM	osteoid metaplasia, or bone-like vascular calcification
OPG	osteoprotegerin
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFR-β	platelet-derived growth factor receptor
RAAS	Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
RBC	Red blood cells
RGS 5	regulator of G protein signalling 5
SMCs	smooth muscle cells
TAZ	transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
Tie 2	Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor TIE-2
TIMP	tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
VC	Vascular calcification
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VV	vasa vasorum
YAP	Yes-associated protein
α-SMA	smooth muscle α-actin