Figure 3.

This figure contains information about various stem cell origins mentioned in the clinical trials. Stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSC) were the largest group accounting for 30%. Within this group 51% of trials applied mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC). Hematopoietic stem cells were the second largest group being equal to 23% of all trials. Neural stem cells were present in trials in only 9% of cases losing to ADSCs (11%) and UC-MSCs (17%). It is worth noting the high diversity of different stem cells for the treatment of neurological diseases including dental pulp stem cells, MUSE cells and autologous brain tumor stem cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are widely present among experimental studies, were found in only one clinical trial which was terminated for the reason of changes in research objectives (NCT02246491). (a) Represents various types of stem cells derived from different origins. In some cases, it was not clear where exactly mesenchymal stem cells were derived from, so such trials were marked as MSC. In cases in which clinical trials only mentioned “stem cells” without specifying the exact origin, they were marked as SCs of unknown origin. Neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells were grouped. The same was applied to all the stem cells derived from bone marrow. “Other” group included all the uncommon stem cell origins which were then provided independently. Neural SCs—neural stem cells, UC-MSCs—umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, ADSC—adipose tissue-derived stem cells, BMSC—bone marrow stem cells, BMNC—bone marrow mononuclear cells, BMPC—bone marrow progenitor cells, BM-MSCs—bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, SCs—stem cells, MSCs—mesenchymal stem cells, (b) lists all rare stem cells origins (those that were included in no more than two clinical trials), iPSC—induced pluripotent stem cells, MUSE—multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cell.