NT	Nanotwinned
TBs	Twin boundaries
SNDP	Supra-nano-dual-phase
GBs	Grain boundaries
SPD	Severe plastic deformation
YS	Yield strength
UTS	Ultimate tensile strength
SS	Stainless steel
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
EBSD	Electron backscatter diffraction
IPF	Inverse pole figure
DBs	Deformation bands
FGs	Fine grains
GNDs	Geometrically necessary dislocations
HNT	Hierarchical nanotwinned
SFE	Stacking fault energy
DPD	Dynamic plastic deformation
PVD	Physical vapor deposition
SF	Stacking fault
λ	Twin thickness
SAED	Selected area electron diffraction
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SRX	Static recrystallization grains
STEM-HAADF	Scanning transmission electron microscope-high angle annular dark field
NG	Nanograins
DS	Dislocation structures
HRTEM	High-resolution TEM
MD	Molecular dynamics
TWIP	Twinning-induced plasticity
SMAT	Surface mechanical attrition treatment
λ1	Primary twin spacings
λ2	Secondary twin spacing
GNG	Gradient-nanograined
GNT	Gradient-nanotwinned
SMGT	Surface mechanical grinding treatment
SMRT	Surface mechanical rolling technique
IF	Interstitial free
SNC	Supra-nanocrystal
SMG	Supra-nano metallic glass
GGIs	Glass–glass interfaces
FFT	Fast Fourier transform