Table 2.
Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | Total | Integrative Yoga | Iyengar Yoga | Mindfulness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 91 (89.2%) | 31 (88.6%) | 28 (84.8%) | 32 (94.1%) |
| Male (%) | 11 (10.9%) | 4 (11.4%) | 5 (15.2%) | 2 (5.9%) |
| Age (SD) | 46.7 (11.5) | 46.0 (11.5) | 48.4 (10.6) | 45.7 (12.5) |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| University (%) | 73 (71.6%) | 25 (71.4%) | 24 (72.7%) | 24 (70.6%) |
| Highschool (%) | 13 (12.7%) | 4 (11.4%) | 4 (12.1%) | 5 (14.7%) |
| Secondary school (%) | 12 (11.8%) | 4 (11.4%) | 3 (9.1%) | 5 (14.7%) |
| No graduation (%) | 4 (3.9%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Employment status | ||||
| Full-time (%) | 39 (38.2%) | 16 (45.7%) | 9 (27.3%) | 14 (41.2%) |
| Part-time (%) | 27 (26.4%) | 7 (20.0%) | 13 (39.4%) | 7 (20.5%) |
| Student/training (%) | 5 (4.9%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (3.0%) | 3 (8.8%) |
| Unemployed (%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Pension (%) | 5 (4.9%) | 2 (5.7%) | 3 (9.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Self-reported monthly income | ||||
| <1000€ (%) | 16 (15.7%) | 8 (22.9%) | 4 (12.1%) | 4 (11.8%) |
| 1001€–1500€ (%) | 13 (12.7%) | 5 (14.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | 5 (14.7%) |
| 1501€–2000€ (%) | 14 (13.7%) | 5 (14.3%) | 7 (21.2%) | 2 (5.9%) |
| 2001€–3000€ (%) | 25 (24.5%) | 10 (28.6%) | 6 (18.2%) | 9 (26.5%) |
| 3001€–4000€ (%) | 7 (6.9%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.1%) | 3 (8.8%) |
| >4000€ (%) | 4 (3.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Not stated | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Most common pre-existing conditions 1 | ||||
| Sleep disorder | 29 (28.4%) | 8 (22.9%) | 12 (36.4%) | 9 (26.5%) |
| Neck pain | 28 (27.5%) | 10 (28.6%) | 10 (30.3%) | 8 (23.5%) |
| Back pain | 23 (22.5%) | 5 (14.3%) | 10 (30.3%) | 8 (23.5%) |
| Digestive complaints | 22 (21.6%) | 9 (25.7%) | 6 (18.2%) | 7 (20.6%) |
| Tension headache | 13 (12.7%) | 4 (11.4%) | 4 (12.1%) | 5 (14.7%) |
| Hypertension | 8 (7.8%) | 6 (17.1%) | 1 (3.0%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Stress (PSS) | ||||
| Score (SD) | 33.91 (4.80) | 33.39 (5.91) | 34.44 (5.84) | |
| Burnout (MBI) | ||||
| Cynicism (SD) | 12.94 (8.79) | 10.33 (6.90) | 12.94 (6.96) | |
| Exhaustion (SD) | 18.83 (6.36) | 19.52 (6.89) | 20.53 (6.19) | |
| Professional Efficacy (SD) | 25.46 (6.22) | 25.48 (6.88) | 24.21 (7.06) | |
| Quality of Life (SF-36) | ||||
| Mental Component Summary (SD) | 36.79 (7.30) | 38.86 (6.56) | 37.94 (7.46) | |
| Physical Component Summary (SD) | 45.74 (6.06) | 44.25 (6.35) | 45.30 (7.22) | |
| Physical Wellbeing (B-LR) | ||||
| Score (SD) | 25.46 (7.72) | 26.30 (8.38) | 26.00 (8.81) | |
| Depression (HADS) | ||||
| Anxiety (SD) | 10.34 (2.91) | 10.15 (3.46) | 9.91 (3.53) | |
| Depression (SD) | 7.86 (3.79) | 8.36 (3.80) | 7.12 (4.00) | |
| Mindfulness (FMI) | ||||
| Score (SD) | 2.28 (0.48) | 2.35 (0.50) | 2.35 (0.37) | |
| Interoceptive body awareness (MAIA) | ||||
| Noticing (SD) | 3.23 (1.06) | 3.21 (0.95) | 3.33 (1.03) | |
| Not-distracting (SD) | 2.06 (0.91) | 1.95 (1.00) | 1.73 (0.65) | |
| Not-worrying (SD) | 2.06 (1.08) | 2.24 (1.21) | 2.15 (0.81) | |
| Attention regulation (SD) | 2.01 (1.00) | 1.95 (1.05) | 1.96 (0.93) | |
| Emotional awareness (SD) | 3.65 (0.92) | 3.08 (1.12) | 3.28 (1.02) | |
| Self-regulation (SD) | 1.99 (0.94) | 1.75 (1.12) | 1.87 (1.05) | |
| Body listening (SD) | 1.80 (0.97) | 1.69 (1.38) | 1.67 (1.13) | |
| Trusting (SD) | 2.51 (1.15) | 2.33 (1.40) | 2.42 (1.18) | |
| Self-regulation (SRI) | ||||
| Score (SD) | 3.35 (0.87) | 3.36 (0.74) | 3.58 (0.76) | |
| Spirituality (ASP) | ||||
| Religious orientation (SD) | 2.10 (0.95) | 1.89 (0.91) | 1.88 (0.93) | |
| Search for wisdom (SD) | 2.24 (0.72) | 2.19 (0.65) | 2.23 (0.70) | |
| Conscious interactions (SD) | 2.86 (0.55) | 2.79 (0.81) | 2.86 (0.67) | |
| Transcendence conviction (SD) | 1.83 (0.97) | 1.68 (0.90) | 1.72 (0.94) | |
| Mysticism (HMS) | ||||
| Introvertive mysticism (SD) | 1.74 (3.51) | 3.18 (3.23) | 2.74 (3.46) | |
| Extrovertive mysticism (SD) | 1.03 (2.29) | 0.91 (2.47) | 1.12 (2.88) | |
| Interpretation (SD) | 2.46 (3.23) | 2.70 (3.57) | 2.65 (3.67) | |
| Posttraumatic stress (PCL-5) | ||||
| Score (SD) | 26.77 (13.80) | 26.03 (13.33) | 27.00 (15.02) |
1 A complete presentation of all pre-existing conditions can be found in the Supplementary Materials: Pre-existing conditions.