Table 2.
Effect estimates for the association between TB and mortality related to COVID-19, by study.
| Study No. (Reference No.) | Exposure | COVID-19-Related Deaths/ Exposed (%) |
COVID-19-Related Deaths/ Unexposed (%) |
Unadjusted Estimate (95% CI) |
Adjusted Estimate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 [14] | Boulle, August 2020 (South Africa) | ||||
| 1a. Population: All persons in the public sector | |||||
| Prior TB | 87/1785 (4.9%) | 512/20,180 (2.5%) | None | 1.79 (1.42–2.24) a,h | |
| None | 1.81 (1.44–2.28) a,i | ||||
| None | 1.51 (1.18–1.93) a,b | ||||
| Current TB | 26/343 (7.6%) | 512/20,180 (2.5%) | None | 2.79 (1.88–4.13) a,h | |
| None | 3.29 (2.21–4.88) a,i | ||||
| None | 2.70 (1.81–4.04) a,b | ||||
| 1b. Population: Persons in the public sector diagnosed with COVID-19 before 06/01/2020 | |||||
| Prior TB | 74/1254 (5.9%) | 414/13,744 (3.0%) | None | 1.55 (1.19–2.02) a | |
| Current TB | 22/235 (9.4%) | 414/13,744 (3.0%) | None | 1.62 (1.04–2.51) a | |
| 1c. Population: Persons hospitalized in the public sector diagnosed with COVID-19 before 06/01/2020 | |||||
| Prior TB | 77/321 (24.0%) | 448/2509 (17.9%) | None | 1.40 (1.08–1.82) a | |
| Current TB | 25/148 (16.9%) | 448/2509 (17.9%) | None | 1.09 (0.72–1.65) a | |
| 2 [15] | Pillay-van Wyk, October 2020 (South Africa) | ||||
| Population: All persons diagnosed with COVID-19 and current TB reported to the National Department of Health as having died from COVID-19 | |||||
| Age | None | None | None | ||
| <50 | 37/476 (7.8%) | ||||
| 50–69 | 33/1270 (2.6%) | ||||
| >=70 | 10/704 (1.4%) | ||||
| Sex | None | None | None | ||
| Male | 50/1259 (4.0%) | ||||
| Female | 30/1198 (2.5%) | ||||
| Location | None | None | None | ||
| Western Cape | 62/1587 (3.9%) | ||||
| Eastern Cape | 8/406 (2.0%) | ||||
| Gauteng | 6/312 (1.9%) | ||||
| Other provinces | 4/152 (2.6%) | ||||
| 6 [19] | Sy, July 2020 (Philippines) | ||||
| Current and prior TB—full cohort | 25/106 (23.6%) | 46/424 (10.8%) |
NA | 2.17 (1.40–3.37) c,f | |
| Current and prior TB—hospitalized patients | 18/66 (27.3%) | 32/264 (12.1%) |
NA | 2.25 (1.35–3.75) c,f | |
| 7 [20] | Jassat, December 2020 (South Africa) | ||||
| No history of TB | 6469/34,464 (18.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Prior TB | 202/741 (27.3%) | 1.10 (0.90–1.30) d | 1.30 g | ||
| Current TB | 59/238 (24.8%) | 1.60 (1.20–2.20) d | 2.00 g | ||
| Current and prior TB | 92/346 (26.6%) | 1.10 (0.90–1.40) d | 2.20 g | ||
| 8 [21] | Gajbhiye, February 2020 (India) | ||||
| Current TB | 1/6 (16.7%) | 5.57 (0.26–119.53) f | |||
| Prior (treated) TB | 0/12 (0.0%) | Reference | |||
| 9 [22] | Gupta, October 2020 (India) | ||||
| Current TB | 3/13 (23.1%) | 0.69 (0.18–2.69) f | |||
| Prior (treated) TB | 3/9 (33.3%) | Reference | |||
| 10 [23] | Fisman, September 2020 (Canada) | ||||
| TB cases (timing not specified) | NR/52 | 0.88 (0.21–3.70) d | |||
| 11 [24] | Demkina, November 2020 (Russia) | ||||
| TB cases (timing not specified) | NR/324 | NR/541,053 | 1.74 (1.11–2.71) a,j | ||
| 16 [29] | Hongyan Zhang, March 2020 (China) | ||||
| TB cases (timing not specified) | 0/3 (0.0%) | 23/104 (22.1%) | None | None | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; TB, tuberculosis. a Hazard ratio. b Adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic pulmonary disease/asthma, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. c Risk ratio. The risk ratio was calculated using the frequencies provided in the publications. d Odds ratio. e Regression coefficient. f Results are reported on a propensity score matched cohort, matched on: age, sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, renal disease, cardiac disease, and autoimmune disorders. Each person with COVID-19 and TB was matched to four persons with COVID-19 without TB, using nearest neighbor matching of propensity scores, a caliper of 0.05, and without replacement. g Study did not report the exact 95% CI. h Adjusted for location. i Adjusted for age and sex. j Adjusted for age, sex, influenza vaccination, comorbidities (pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine system disease, cancer/metastasis, infection with human immunodeficiency virus), COVID-19 diagnosis, intensive care unit transfer, invasive mechanical ventilation, disease progression, and oxygen saturation.