Table 2.
Selenization modification of natural plant polysaccharides (2012–2022).
| Source | Extraction Method | B-Mw (kda) | A-Mw (kda) | Modification Method | Main Modifying Conditions | Content | B-CHO (%) | A-CHO (%) |
Biological Activity | Refer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulmus pumila L (PPU) |
Hot-water extraction | 2.697 × 109 | 3.977–6.528 × 109 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | PPU (1 g) HNO3 (50 mL, 5%) Na2SeO3 (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 mg) Reaction at room temperature for 24 h |
3.24–13.19 mg/g | 88.87 | N | Antioxidant | [57] |
| Artemisia sphaerocephala (PAS) |
Hot-water extraction | 69.6 | 2.5–58.6 | Glacial acetic acid-selenous acid method | PAS (300 mg) DMSO (30 mL) H2SeO3 (40 mL) Reaction at (50, 70, 90 °C) for (4, 6) h |
139–8744 μg/g | N | N | Immunomodulatory | [59] |
| Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (PSSP) | Subcritical extraction | 47.12 | 16.82 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | PSSP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.6%) BaCl2 (5 mL, 0.1 M) Na2SeO3 (0.5 g) Reaction at 75 °C for 8 h |
2.89 μg/g | 77.67 | 82.26 | Antioxidant Immunomodulatory |
[60] |
| Artemisia sphaerocephala (ASP) |
Microwave-assisted method | 73.5 | 11.4–331.5 | Selenium oxychloride method | ASP (500 mg) Formamide (20 mL) NaHSeO3 (1 g) SOCl2 (10 mL) Reaction at 60 °C for 10–60 min |
264- 22400 μg/g | N | N | Antitumor | [61] |
| Chinese angelica (CAP) | Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | CAP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 5%) Na2SeO3 (200, 300, 400 mg) Reaction temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) Reaction time (6, 8, 10 h) |
6.41–12.98 mg/g | 92.7 | 23.5–63.2 | Immunomodulatory | [62] |
| Lycium barbarum (LBP) |
Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | LBP (500 mg) Na2SeO3 (200, 300, 400 mg) Reaction temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) Reaction time (6, 8, 10 h) |
7.65–13.66 mg/g | 87.1 | 19.2–44.6 | Antioxidant | [63] |
| Garlic (GPS) | Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | GPS (500 mg) Na2SeO3 (200,300, 400 mg) Reaction temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) Reaction time (6, 8, 10 h) |
6.21–12.49 mg/g | 94.5 | 21.2–56.9 | Immunomodulatory | [64] |
| Codonopsis pilosula pectic (CPP1b) |
Hot-water extraction | 148 | 195 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | CPP1b (100 mg) HNO3 (20 mL) Ratio of CPP1b to Na2SeO3 (2:1, 2:1.6, 2:2) Reaction temperature (60, 70, 80 °C) Reaction time (5, 7, 9 h) |
94.06–478 μg/g | N | N | Antitumor | [65] |
| Atractylodes macrocephala (AMP) |
Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | AMP (500 mg) Na2SeO3 (200,300, 400 mg) Reaction temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) Reaction time (6, 8, 10 h) |
6.12–12.23 mg/g | 84 | 36.1–62.99 | Immunomodulatory | [66] |
| Radix hedysari (RHP) | N | N | 27.7–62.7 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | RHP (400 mg) HNO3 (40 mL, 0.6%) Reaction at 65°C for (3, 5, 10, 15 h) |
1.04–3.29 mg/g | N | N | Antioxidant | [67] |
| Artemisia sphaerocephala (ASP) |
Microwave-assisted extraction | 73.48 | 17.36- 46.67 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | ASP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.8%) H2SeO3 (1.0 g) BaCl2 (1.65 g) Reaction at 60 °C for (15–480) min by 300W ultrasonic powers |
111–264 μg/g | 90.2 | 69.8–86.8 | Antitumor | [68] |
| Lily (LP) | Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | LP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.5%) Na2SeO3 (200,300, 400 mg) Reaction temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) Reaction time (6, 8, 10 h) |
11.8–39.2 mg/g | N | 56.31–77.14 | Immunomodulatory | [69] |
| Artemisia sphaerocephala (ASP) |
Microwave-assisted extraction | 73.48 | 11.41–54.07 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | ASP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.4, 0,7, 1.2%) BaCl2 (1.65 g) Na2SeO3 (1000 mg) Reaction temperature (60, 70, 80 °C) Reaction time (6 h) |
168–1703 μg/g | 90.2 | N | Antitumor | [70] |
| Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GUP) | Hot-water extraction | 38.032 | 5.8 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | GUP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.5%) Na2SeO3 (200 mg) Reaction at 70 °C for 8 h |
1.34 mg/g | N | N | Antioxidant | [71] |
| Tea (TPS) | Hot-water extraction (pretreatment degreasing) | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | TPS (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL) Na2SeO3 (0.5 g) BaCl2 (0.1 mol/L) Reaction at 75 °C for 8 h |
2.12 mg/kg | 62.23 | 60.26 | Hypoglycemic activity | [72] |
| Alfalfa (RAPS) | Hot-water extraction (pretreatment degreasing) | 15.8 | 11.0 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | RAPS 50 mg HNO3 (10 mL,0.6%) Na2SeO3 (50 mg) Reaction at 70 °C for 10 h |
320 μg/g | 97.1 | N | Antioxidant Antitumor | [73] |
| Momordica charantia L. (MCPIIa) | Hot-water extraction | 13 | 40.038 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | MCPIIa (10 mg) Na2SeO3 solutions (2.5–10 mL, 0.05 M) Ascorbic acid solution (8 mL, 0.1 M). Reaction at 28 °C for 12 h |
445.0 μg/g | 93.99 | 92.12 | Hypoglycemic activity | [74] |
| Codonopsis pilosula (CPPS) | Hot-water extraction | 345 | 230.6 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | The ratio of sodium selenite to CPPS was 0.6:1 Reaction at 70°C for 8 h |
11.86 mg/g | 98.86 | N | Immunomodulatory | [75] |
| Astragalus (APS) | N | 12.314 | 10.042 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | APS (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 5%) BaCl2 (1 g) Na2SeO3 (400 mg) Reaction at 70 °C for 6 h |
1.75 mg/g | N | N | Antioxidant | [76] |
| Ribes nigrum L. (RCP) | Ultrasonic-assisted extraction | 20.4 | 9.09–12.9 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | RCP (500 mg) BaCl2 (2.5 g) HNO3 (250 mL, 0.5 %) Na2SeO3 (500 mg) Reaction at (50, 80) °C for (3, 5, 7) h by (500, 800) W ultrasonic powers |
70–480 μg /g |
85.5 | 82.12–83.58 | Hypoglycemic activity | [77] |
| Dandelion roots (DRP) | Ultrasonic-assisted extraction | 8.7 | 5.6–7.9 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | DRP (500 mg) HNO3 (50 mL, 0.5%) BaCl2 (700 mg) Na2SeO3 (500 mg) Reaction at 40 °C for 4 h Reaction at 60 °C for 8 h |
170–710 μg/g | 94.24 | 96.31–96.72 | Immunomodulatory Antioxidant | [78] |
| Yam (YPS) | Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | YPS (500 mg) HNO3 (8 mL, 0.5%) Na2SeO3 (25–50 mg) Reaction at 75 °C for 8 h |
715–1545 mg /kg | N | N | Immunomodulatory | [79] |
| Purslane (PSPO) |
Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | PSPO (300 mg) HNO3 (20 mL, 5%) Na2SeO3 (45 mg) Reaction at 75 °C for 8 h |
753–1325 mg/kg | N | N | Immunomodulatory | [80] |
| Garlic (GPS) | Hot-water extraction | N | N | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | GPS (500 mg) HNO3 (0.5%,50 mL) Na2SeO3 (400 mg) Reaction at 70 °C for 6 h |
10.5–38.3 mg/kg |
95.26 | 31–54.8 | Antioxidant Immunomodulatory |
[81] |
| Rose laevigata Michx fruit (PPRLMF-2) |
Hot-water extraction | 137.1 | 82.158 | Nitric acid/sodium selenite method | PPRLMF-2 (500 mg) HNO3 (0.5%) Na2SeO3 (400 mg) Reaction at 70 °C for 8 h |
862 μg/g | N | 94.2 | Immunomodulatory | [82] |
N: not referred; B-Mw: Mw before modification; A-Mw: Mw after modification; B-CHO: carbohydrate content before modification; A-CHO: carbohydrate content after modification.