Table 8.

The most important propolis types: geographical origin and major constituents.

Propolis Type	Geographic Origin	Plant Source	Typical Chemical Constituents
Poplar propolis	Europe, North America, non-tropical regions of Asia, New Zealand, China	Populus spp. (most often P. nigra L.)	pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin -3-O-acetate, chrysin, galangin, phenolic acids, and their esters
Birch propolis	Russia	Betula verucosa Ehrh.	acacetin, apigenin, ermanin, rhamnocitrin, kaempferid, α-acetoxybetulenol
Green (Alecrim) propolis	Brazil	Baccharis ssp. (most often B. dracunculifolia DC.)	prenylated p-coumaric acids and o-hydroxy-acetophenone, labdane, diterpenic acids
Red propolis	Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Amazon	Clussia ssp. (?) Clusia flower D. ecastophyllum and other Dalbergia species	phenylpropene derivative elemicin, triterpenic alcohol β-amyrin, prenylated benzophenones, polyprenylated benzophenones
Mediterranean propolis	Greece, Malta, Crete, Southern Italy	Cupressus and Pinus plants, possibly C. sempervirens	Diterpenes, mainly acids of labdane type), anthraquinones
“Canarian” propolis	Canarian Islands	unknown	furoruran lignans
“Pacific” propolis	Okinawa, Taiwan, Japan	Macaranga plants, Macaranga tanarius	C-Prenyl-flavanones