dietary restriction	DR
Parkinson’s disease	PD
central nervous system	CNS
Alzheimer’s disease	AD
multiple sclerosis	MS
calorie restriction	CR
intermittent fasting	IF
alternate day fasting	ADF
time-restricted feeding	TRF
every-other-day fasting	EODF
intermittent calorie restriction	ICR
fasting mimicking diet	FMD
glucagon-like peptide-1	GLP-1
peptide tyrosine-tyrosine	PYY
cholecystokinin	CCK
platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase	PLA2G7
AMP-activated protein kinase	AMPK
nuclear respiratory factor	NRF
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor	PPAR
ad libitum	AL
intermittent TRF	iTRF
glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor	GDNF
brain-derived neurotrophic factor	BDNF
indole-3-propionic acid	IPA
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine	MPTP
substantia nigra	SN
substantia nigra pars compacta	SNpc
6-hydroxydopamine	6-OHDA
α-synuclein preformed fibers	PFF
dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus	DMV
high-fat diet	HFD
type 2 diabetes	T2DM
intermittent energy restriction	IER
continuous energy restriction	CER
multiple sclerosis	MS
reactive oxygen species	ROS
sirtuins	SIRTs
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide	NAD
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	CaMKII
electron transport chain	ETC
old ad libitum	OAL
ubiquitin-proteasome system	UPS
short-chain fatty acids	SCFAs
blood–brain barrier	BBB
high-fat diet	HFD
low-fat diet	LFD
large amounts of neutral amino acids	LNAA
branched-chain amino acids	BCAAs