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Effects of five turmeric extract (TE) fractions on the gene expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase in dexamethasone (DEX)–treated C2C12 myotubes. (a,b) Gene expression of Fbxo32 and Murf1, respectively. The positive control group was treated with 10 nM of IGF-1 for 12 h. The results are shown as the mean ± standard error (n = 4), and statistical analysis was performed by Tukey-Kramer test. ** p < 0.01 vs. Control, N.S.: not significant.
