Table 2.
Anthropometric measurements, HGS, physical activity, body composition, and inflammatory biomarker of the study population at baseline and after 45 days of the active stage of VLCKD.
| Parameters | Participant Baseline Mean ± SD or Number (%) n = 247 |
Participant 45th Day of VLCKD Mean ± SD or Number (%) n = 247 |
∆% | * p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | 99.4 ± 15.2 | 91.9 ± 14.3 | −7.5 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 37.3 ± 4.5 | 34.5 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | |
| Overweight (n, %) | - | 46, 18.6% | 18.6% | χ2 = 48.54, p < 0.001 |
| Grade I obesity (n, %) | 88, 35.6% | 94, 38.1% | 2.5% | χ2 = 0.22, p = 0.641 |
| Grade II obesity (n, %) | 94, 38.1% | 77, 31.2% | −6.9% | χ2 = 2.29, p = 0.130 |
| Grade III obesity (n, %) | 65, 26.3% | 30, 12.1% | −14.2% | χ2 = 15.07, p < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 108.0 ± 14.5 | 101.1 ± 13.8 | −6.3 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| WC < 88 cm | 18, 7.3% | 45, 18.2% | −10.9% | χ2 = 12.30, p < 0.001 |
| WC ≥ 88 cm | 229, 92.7% | 202, 81.8% | ||
| HGS (kg) | ||||
| <16 kg | 36, 14.6% | 9, 3.6% | +11.0% | χ2 = 16.53, p < 0.001 |
| ≥16 kg | 211, 85.4% | 238, 96.4% | ||
| Physical Activity | ||||
| Yes | 78, 31.6% | 78, 31.6% | 0% | χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.922 |
| No | 169, 68.4% | 169, 68.4% | ||
| BIA parameters | ||||
| R (Ω) | 468.8 ± 70.5 | 472.8 ± 64.4 | +1.4 ± 9.5 | 0.129 |
| Xc (Ω) | 45.7 ± 9.5 | 49.8 ± 9.8 | 10.3 ± 16.2 | <0.001 |
| FM (kg) | 44.5 ± 12.5 | 37.6 ± 11.5 | −15.6 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| FFM (kg) | 54.9 ± 5.7 | 54.4 ± 5.7 | −0.9 ± 4.5 | 0.001 |
| hs-CRP levels (mg/L) | 3.8 ± 4.3 | 1.9 ± 2.6 | −39.9 ± 44.6 | <0.001 |
* A p value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05). SD, standard deviation; VLCKD, very low-calorie ketogenic diet; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HGS, handgrip strength; R, resistance; Xc, reactance; FM, fat mass, FFM, free fat mass; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.