Table 1.
Patient characteristics in the derivation cohort according to the PICS status.
| Overall | Non-PICS (Barthel Index ≥ 70 at Discharge) | PICS (Barthel Index < 70 or In-Hospital Death) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n = 441 | n = 150 | n = 291 | p Value |
| Age | 71.1 ± 15.5 | 64.4 ± 16.6 | 74.6 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Age ≥ 75, n (%) | 235 (53.4) | 52 (34.7) | 183 (63.1) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 282 (64.0) | 103 (68.7) | 179 (61.5) | 0.14 |
| SOFA score on admission | 6 (3, 9) | 5 (2, 8) | 6 (4, 9) | 0.008 |
| APACHEII score on admission | 17 (12, 22) | 14 (11, 21) | 18 (12, 23) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 206 (46.7) | 57 (38.0) | 149 (51.2) | 0.008 |
| Duration (days) | 9 (4, 18) | 6 (3, 10.5) | 10 (5, 25.5) | <0.001 |
| Blood purification, n (%) | 98 (22.2) | 19 (12.7) | 79 (27.2) | <0.001 |
| Duration (days) | 5 (2, 15) | 3 (2, 8) | 5 (3, 15) | 0.31 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 10 (2.3) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (1.7) | 0.29 |
| Duration (days) | 4.5 (2.8, 15) | 4 (1.5, 5.5) | 14 (3.5, 18.5) | 0.17 |
| Basic diseases on admission | ||||
| Sepsis n (%) | 151 (34.2) | 45 (30.0) | 106 (36.5) | 0.18 |
| Cardiac failure, n (%) | 67 (15.2) | 26 (17.3) | 41 (14.1) | 0.37 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 73 (16.6) | 20 (13.3) | 53 (18.2) | 0.19 |
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 58 (13.2) | 16 (10.7) | 42 (14.4) | 0.26 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 42 (9.5) | 5 (3.3) | 37 (12.7) | 0.0015 |
| Endocrine and metabolic disorder, n (%) | 69 (15.6) | 25 (16.7) | 44 (15.1) | 0.67 |
| Trauma, n (%) | 67 (15.2) | 25 (16.7) | 42 (14.4) | 0.54 |
| Post-scheduled operation, n (%) | 24 (5.4) | 8 (5.3) | 16 (5.5) | 0.94 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 100 (22.7) | 0 (0) | 100 (34.4) | <0.001 |
| Day on which patients died, days | 21 (17, 33.8) | 21 (17, 33.8) | ||
| Length of ICU stay, days | 9 (5, 14) | 8 (5, 11) | 10 (6, 16) | 0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 26 (18, 45.5) | 26 (17, 43.5) | 26 (18, 47) | 0.97 |
| Barthel index at hospital discharge | 55 (10, 100) | 100 (90, 100) | 15 (0, 40) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings on day 1 | ||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 2.9 (0.4, 12) | 2.0 (0.2, 16.6) | 3.7 (0.6, 10.5) | 0.73 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.015 |
| Lymphocytes (/μL) | 1071 (574, 1852) | 1092 (614, 2102) | 1056 (544, 1764) | 0.23 |
| Laboratory findings on day 14 | ||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 3.3 (1.1, 7.3) | 1.8 (0.6, 5.7) | 4.0 (1.5, 7.8) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (/μL) | 1080 (729, 1441) | 1180 (908, 1547) | 1008 (660, 1330) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: PICS, persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE II, acute physiology, chronic health evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; CRP, C-reactive protein.