Table 6.

Physical attacks with compromised security goals and countermeasures.

Physical Attacks	Compromised Security Requirements	Effects	Countermeasures
Node Jamming	ALL	Communication disruption, Reducing lifetime [99]	Frequency hopping [100], Game theory [99], Spread Spectrum, lower duty cycle, priority messages, region mapping
Physical Damage	ALL	Hardware control, Confidential information leakage [101]	Secure physical design, tamper proof and self-destruction
Node Tampering	ALL	Device ID impersonation [102], Access to sensitive data and Gain access, DoS	Cloning resistance and self-destruction, lowering information leakage (adding randomized delay, deliberately generated noise, balancing hamming weights, strengthening the cache architecture, shielding), integrating Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) in the device [102]
Social Engineering	ALL	Control sensors [103]	Cloud-edge processing and feedback [104], Back up techniques, education of IoT users, tamper proofing and self-destruction
Malicious Node Injection	ALL	Illegal surveillance [102], Control data flow; Man in the Middle	Data compression algorithm [105], Calculation of path credibility [106], Secure firmware update, hash-based mechanisms, Encryption, authentication technique
Sleep Deprivation Attack	I, A, NP	Node shutdown	Intrusion Detection system [63], Firefly algorithm and Hopfield neural network [107], Radial bias function [108]
Malicious Code Injection	ALL	Loss of software integrity, Access to sensitive information and Gain access, DoS	Chain of trust, API endpoint security [102], Traffic monitoring and detection scheme [109], Tamper protection and self-destruction, IDS
RF Interference	ALL	Message block [91], DoS	Distance-based information, Secure kill command for tags, Electronic Product Code (EPC) tags [63], spread-spectrum communication [110], Anti-jamming beamforming scheme [91]
Tag Cloning	ALL	Unauthorized copy of tag	Attack probability scheme [111], Tag randomization [112], Encryption, hash-based methods, authentication framework, kill sleep instruction, isolation, blocking, distance estimation, Integrating PUFs into RFID tags
Eavesdropping	C, NR, P	Extract critical network information [102]	Secure Bootstrapping [63], low-cost demilitarized zone [102], Encryption techniques, shift data to the back end
Tag Tampering	ALL	Malicious altercation of data in tag memory [113]	Authentication watermark and recovery Watermark [114], Integration of PUFs into RFID tags, hash-based mechanisms, encryption, tamper-release layer RFID, integrating alarm option for active Tags
Outage attack	A, AC, P, AU, NP	Disrupt or bias the state of applications [115]	Random time hopping sequence and random permutation [115], Secure physical design
Object replication	ALL	Control network [116]	3-D backward key chains based on deployment knowledge [117], Encryption, Hash-based methods, Lightweight cartographic schemes
Hardware Trojan	ALL	Function change of chips and sensitive information leakage [118]	Temporal thermal information [118], Electromagnetic radiation [119], Side-channel signal assessment (based on path-delay fingerprint, based on symmetry breaking, based on thermal and power, machine learning application), trojan activation