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T helper cell pathways leading to three subtypes of myocarditis. Viral myocarditis activating Th1 pathway driven by IL-12 induces IFNγ production and CD8+ T cells as the main effector cells. Hypersensitivity myocarditis is induced by Th2 pathway driven by cytokines (IL-4, IL5, and IL13), mast cells, eosinophils, and B cells. Autoimmune myocarditis is driven by the Th17 pathway, with the IL17A/ F, and GM-CSF as the main cytokines inducing neutrophil and inflammatory monocyte responses.
