Table 2.

Comparison of epinephrine administration (injected group vs. not injected group) with anaphylaxis signs and symptoms, severity, triggers, allergen sensitization status, treatments, and hospital admissions (n = 107).

		Epinephrine Injected (n = 76)		Epinephrine not Injected (n = 31)		Total		p-Value
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Anaphylaxis symptoms and signs	Urticarial rash	68	89.5	24	77.4	92	86	0.103
	Facial edema	51	67.1	17	54.8	68	63.6	0.232
	Throat tightness	10	13.2	5	16.1	15	14	0.688
	Dyspnea	50	65.8	23	74.2	73	68.2	0.093
	Wheezing	27	35.5	7	22.6	34	31.8	0.192
	Gastrointestinal symptoms	29	38.2	10	32.3	39	36.4	0.565
	Syncope	7	9.2	2	6.5	9	8.4	0.641
	Hypotension	4	5.3	3	9.7	7	6.5	0.402
Anaphylaxis severity in definition of SAR	Grade 3,4	56	73.7	26	83.9	82	76.6	0.259
	Grade 5	20	26.3	5	16.1	25	22.4	0.259
Anaphylaxis trigger	Food	46	60.5	12	38.7	58	54.2	0.040 *
	Immune treatment	7	9.2	1	3.2	8	7.5	0.286
	Exercise	1	1.3	2	6.5	3	2.8	0.144
	Drug	5	6.6	3	9.7	8	7.5	0.580
	Unknown	17	58.6	12	38.7	29	27.1	0.085
Allergen sensitization	All allergens	49	87.5	15	78.9	64	85.3	0.363
	Inhalant allergens	28	50	8	4.1	36	48	0.552
	Food allergens	37	66.1	11	57.9	48	64	0.521
Treatments	Antihistamine	66	86.8	23	74.2	89	83.2	0.113
	Steroid	67	88.2	26	83.9	93	86.9	0.551
	Nebulization therapy a	17	22.4	5	16.1	22	20.6	0.469
	Self-injectable epinephrine	13	17.1	5	16.1	18	16.8	0.903
Treatment results	Admission to hospital	24	31.6	4	12.9	28	26.2	0.046 *

Abbreviations: SAR, Systemic allergic reaction; * indicates a p-value of <0.05.; Nebulization therapy^a indicates any drug administration with nebulized element can be used in children, following medications are included: beta-2 agonist, corticosteroids, and epinephrine.