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. 2022 Sep 20;11(19):5494. doi: 10.3390/jcm11195494

Table 4.

Comparison of the groups divided by epinephrine injection time from hospital arrival (< 30 min vs. ≥30 min) and symptom onset (<60 min vs. ≥60 min) (n = 76).

Epinephrine Injection Time from Hospital Arrival Epinephrine Injection Time from Symptoms Onset
<30 min, (n = 40) ≥30 min, (n = 36) p-Value <60 min, (n = 24) ≥60 min, (n = 52) p-Value
n % n % n % n %
Allergic history All allergic
history
33 82.5 24 66.7 0.111 21 87.5 36 69.2 0.087
Anaphylaxis 5 12.5 3 8.3 0.555 3 12.5 5 9.6 0.703
Bronchial asthma 11 27.5 5 13.9 0.146 9 39.5 7 13.5 0.017 *
Drug allergy 4 10 0 0 0.051 3 12.5 1 1.9 0.055
Food allergy 18 45 13 36.1 0.431 11 45.8 20 38.5 0.543
Allergic rhinitis 12 30 9 25 0.626 7 29.2 14 26.9 0.839
Atopic dermatitis 16 40 11 30.6 0.390 10 41.7 17 32.7 0.447
Familial allergy history 14 35 12 33.3 0.878 9 37.5 17 32.7 0.681
Anaphylaxis symptoms and signs Urticarial rash 35 51.5 33 48.5 0.555 20 29.4 48 70.6 0.236
Facial edema 28 54.9 23 45.1 0.571 16 31.4 35 68.6 0.956
Throat tightness 4 40 6 60 0.391 1 10 9 90 0.115
Dyspnea 27 54 23 46 0.740 16 32 34 68 0.913
Wheezing 15 55.6 12 44.4 0.705 11 40.7 16 59.3 0.202
Gastrointestinal symptoms 13 44.8 16 55.2 0.284 7 24.1 22 75.9 0.273
Hypotension 1 25 3 75 0.255 0 0 4 100 0.163
Syncope 3 42.9 4 57.1 0.587 2 28.6 5 71.4 0.857
Grade 5 SAR (vs. Grades 3&4 SAR) 10 50.0 10 50.0 0.800 6 30.0 14 70.0 1.000
Triggers Food 23 50 23 50 0.569 10 21.7 36 78.3 0.022 *
Immune treatment 6 85.7 1 14.3 0.066 6 85.7 1 14.3 0.001 *
Exercise 1 100 0 0 0.340 1 100 0 0 0.138
Drug 2 40 3 60 0.558 2 40 3 60 0.675
Unknown 8 47.1 9 52.9 0.601 5 29.4 12 70.6 0.827
Allergen sensitization All allergen sensitization 30 75 19 52.8 0.113 17 70.8 32 61.5 0.546
Inhalant allergen 15 37.5 13 36.1 0.364 11 45.8 17 32.7 0.508
Food allergen 24 60 13 36.1 0.114 12 50 25 48.1 0.982
Treatments other than epinephrine Antihistamine 33 50 33 50 0.238 19 28.8 47 71.2 0.179
Systemic corticosteroid 34 50.7 33 49.3 0.369 18 26.9 49 73.1 0.016 *
Nebulizer 11 64.7 6 35.3 0.258 5 29.4 12 70.6 0.827
Self-injectable epinephrine 7 53.8 6 46.2 0.923 5 38.5 8 61.5 0.558
Treatment results Admission to hospital 13 54.2 11 45.8 0.856 7 29.2 17 70.8 0.759

Abbreviations: SAR, Systemic allergic reaction; * indicates a p-value of < 0.05.