Table 4.
Epinephrine Injection Time from Hospital Arrival | Epinephrine Injection Time from Symptoms Onset | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 min, (n = 40) | ≥30 min, (n = 36) | p-Value | <60 min, (n = 24) | ≥60 min, (n = 52) | p-Value | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Allergic history | All allergic history |
33 | 82.5 | 24 | 66.7 | 0.111 | 21 | 87.5 | 36 | 69.2 | 0.087 |
Anaphylaxis | 5 | 12.5 | 3 | 8.3 | 0.555 | 3 | 12.5 | 5 | 9.6 | 0.703 | |
Bronchial asthma | 11 | 27.5 | 5 | 13.9 | 0.146 | 9 | 39.5 | 7 | 13.5 | 0.017 * | |
Drug allergy | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.051 | 3 | 12.5 | 1 | 1.9 | 0.055 | |
Food allergy | 18 | 45 | 13 | 36.1 | 0.431 | 11 | 45.8 | 20 | 38.5 | 0.543 | |
Allergic rhinitis | 12 | 30 | 9 | 25 | 0.626 | 7 | 29.2 | 14 | 26.9 | 0.839 | |
Atopic dermatitis | 16 | 40 | 11 | 30.6 | 0.390 | 10 | 41.7 | 17 | 32.7 | 0.447 | |
Familial allergy history | 14 | 35 | 12 | 33.3 | 0.878 | 9 | 37.5 | 17 | 32.7 | 0.681 | |
Anaphylaxis symptoms and signs | Urticarial rash | 35 | 51.5 | 33 | 48.5 | 0.555 | 20 | 29.4 | 48 | 70.6 | 0.236 |
Facial edema | 28 | 54.9 | 23 | 45.1 | 0.571 | 16 | 31.4 | 35 | 68.6 | 0.956 | |
Throat tightness | 4 | 40 | 6 | 60 | 0.391 | 1 | 10 | 9 | 90 | 0.115 | |
Dyspnea | 27 | 54 | 23 | 46 | 0.740 | 16 | 32 | 34 | 68 | 0.913 | |
Wheezing | 15 | 55.6 | 12 | 44.4 | 0.705 | 11 | 40.7 | 16 | 59.3 | 0.202 | |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | 13 | 44.8 | 16 | 55.2 | 0.284 | 7 | 24.1 | 22 | 75.9 | 0.273 | |
Hypotension | 1 | 25 | 3 | 75 | 0.255 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 100 | 0.163 | |
Syncope | 3 | 42.9 | 4 | 57.1 | 0.587 | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 0.857 | |
Grade 5 SAR (vs. Grades 3&4 SAR) | 10 | 50.0 | 10 | 50.0 | 0.800 | 6 | 30.0 | 14 | 70.0 | 1.000 | |
Triggers | Food | 23 | 50 | 23 | 50 | 0.569 | 10 | 21.7 | 36 | 78.3 | 0.022 * |
Immune treatment | 6 | 85.7 | 1 | 14.3 | 0.066 | 6 | 85.7 | 1 | 14.3 | 0.001 * | |
Exercise | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0.340 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0.138 | |
Drug | 2 | 40 | 3 | 60 | 0.558 | 2 | 40 | 3 | 60 | 0.675 | |
Unknown | 8 | 47.1 | 9 | 52.9 | 0.601 | 5 | 29.4 | 12 | 70.6 | 0.827 | |
Allergen sensitization | All allergen sensitization | 30 | 75 | 19 | 52.8 | 0.113 | 17 | 70.8 | 32 | 61.5 | 0.546 |
Inhalant allergen | 15 | 37.5 | 13 | 36.1 | 0.364 | 11 | 45.8 | 17 | 32.7 | 0.508 | |
Food allergen | 24 | 60 | 13 | 36.1 | 0.114 | 12 | 50 | 25 | 48.1 | 0.982 | |
Treatments other than epinephrine | Antihistamine | 33 | 50 | 33 | 50 | 0.238 | 19 | 28.8 | 47 | 71.2 | 0.179 |
Systemic corticosteroid | 34 | 50.7 | 33 | 49.3 | 0.369 | 18 | 26.9 | 49 | 73.1 | 0.016 * | |
Nebulizer | 11 | 64.7 | 6 | 35.3 | 0.258 | 5 | 29.4 | 12 | 70.6 | 0.827 | |
Self-injectable epinephrine | 7 | 53.8 | 6 | 46.2 | 0.923 | 5 | 38.5 | 8 | 61.5 | 0.558 | |
Treatment results | Admission to hospital | 13 | 54.2 | 11 | 45.8 | 0.856 | 7 | 29.2 | 17 | 70.8 | 0.759 |
Abbreviations: SAR, Systemic allergic reaction; * indicates a p-value of < 0.05.