Table 1.

Comparison of botanical characteristics and occurrence of Artemisia ssp.

Species	Height	Leaves	Flowers	Fruits	Occurrence
A. abrotanum	0.7–1.5 m [56]	Gray-green leaves with numerous covering hairs on the upper side; the smooth underside of the leaves; in the lower part of the stem are doubly pinnate with ensiform sections; in the upper parts a singly pinnate, tripartite, also with ensiform shape [57,58]	Tiny yellow tubular flowers, gathered in spherical or ovoid-spherical hanging heads, panicle forms	Small oblong achenes [57,58]	Central Asia (Armenia, Iran, and Russia), Asia Minor (Turkey), Central and North Europe Europe (e.g., Albania and Croatia) [1,8]
A. absinthium	0.8–1.5 m [8,9,59]	Gray-green color, densely pubescent on both sides; basal leaves with long petioles, triangular or oval blade, bi- or tripinnatisect, the lower leaves not intensely divided, and the lanceolate top leaves [8,9,59]	Capitulum inflorescences gathered in loose panicles from the axils of the leaves; light-yellow ligulate female flowers, and tubular hermaphroditic flowers [9,59]	Small achene with brown stripes [59]	Europe, West Asia, and North Africa; introduced and acclimatized in North and South America and Australia [8,9,49,50,51]
A. annua	0.3–1 m [10]	Alternate arrangement [60], the tripinnatisect lower leaves from petioles, the middle leaves bipinnatisect, the upper leaves sessile with lanceolate shape [61], leaf blades can be ensiform or lanceolate, the edge of the blades serrated [8]	Flower heads in raceme-like inflorescences, small, spherical, yellow-green, only tubular flowers [8,61]	Small, long achenes [60]	Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, North and South America, Australia [8,51,60]
A. dracunculus	0.5–1.5 m [2,62,63]	Alternate, sessile, the lower leaves tripartite at the apex, the middle and upper leaves lanceolate, tip of the leaf sharp and the leaf blade margins entire [2,62,63]	Yellow, tubular flowers in hanging, spherical capitula forming loose panicles [2,62,63]	Small achenes [2,62,63]	Central Asia, South Europe, Eastern Europe, North America [2]
A. vulgaris	0.5–2.5 m [8,64]	Dense and alternate, primarily in the upper parts of the stem, the lower leaves with short petioles divided into segments and feathery shape, the middle and upper ones smaller and single or double pinnate, the dorsal side of the leaves with dark green color, the ventral side whitish and tomentose [65,66]	Small, almost bare, yellowish or brown-red flowers embedded in small baskets form heavily branched panicles with numerous lanceolate bracts at the top of the shoots, inflorescences with ligulate flowers and tubular flowers [65,66]	Small dark brown shiny achenes [66,67]	Europe, Asia, abundantly in North America [57,64,66,67]