Table 7.

Cosmetic and potentially cosmetic properties of Artemisia species.

Direction of Activity	Species	Extract/Essential Oil	Part	Classification	Compounds	Modal/Assay	Short Description of Studies Performed	References
Antibacterial and antifungal activity	A. abrotanum	Ethanol	Aerial parts	nt *	nt	Cup plate method	Lethal effecton the bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 500 µg/mL), Pseudomonas cepacian (MIC = 500 µg/mL), and Salmonella typhi (MIC = 125 µg/mL), and the fungi Candida albicans (MIC = 250 µg/mL), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MIC = 125 µg/mL), and Trichosporon beigelii (MIC = 125 µg/mL).	[232]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro/diffusion well agar method (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus)/paper disc diffusion method (Candida albicans)/	Inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli (inhibition zone diameter = 16 mm), Proteus vulgaris (inhibition zone diameter = 18.89 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inhibition zone diameter = 10.33 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone diameter = 20 mm), and C. albicans by components of A. abrotanum essential oil and essential oil. Some activity against Aspergillus flavus Lethal effect of the essential oil of A. abrotanum herb on C. albicans (inhibition zone diameter = 20.0 mm).	[80,168,237]
		Methanol	leaves	nt	nt	A microtiter plate-based protocol (microdilution)	Inhibition of the growth of the bacteria Bacillus cereus (MIC = 0.41 mg/mL), E. coli (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (MIC = 0.45 mg/mL), Micrococcus flavus (MIC = 0.57 mg/mL), P. aeruginosa (MIC = 0.47 mg/mL), and S. aureus (MIC = 0.38 mg/mL), and the fungi A. flavus (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), Aspergillus niger (MIC = 0.78 mg/mL), Aspergillus ochraceus (MIC = 0.55 mg/mL), C. albicans (MIC = 0.86 mg/mL), Penicillium funiculosum (MIC = 0.85 mg/mL), and Penicillium ochrochloron (MIC = 0.86 mg/mL) by leaf extracts of A. abrotanum.	[20]
		Ethanol	herb	nt	nt	In vitro/micromethod of diffusion in agar	Moderate inhibition of the growth of the bacteria Citrobacter freundii (inhibition zones diameter = 8.81 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (inhibition zones diameter = 6.65 mm), E. coli (inhibition zones diameter = 6.44 mm), P. aeruginosa (inhibition zones diameter = 8.52 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (inhibition zones diameter = 5.29 mm), Streptococcus agalactiae (inhibition zones diameter = 5.19 mm), Streptococcus gordoni (inhibition zones diameter = 5.89 mm); methicillin-susceptible: S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 6.34 mm)and Staphylococcus epidermis (inhibition zones diameter = 6.38 mm); methicillin-resistant: S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 7.20 mm) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (inhibition zones diameter = 6.85 mm); and macrolides-resistant: Propionibacterium acnes (inhibition zones diameter = 8.71 mm) strains. Decrement of C. albicans (inhibition zones diameter = 5.79 mm) and Candida tropicalis (inhibition zones diameter = 7.09 mm) colonies and A. niger (inhibition zones diameter = 13.32 mm) spore germination. Synergistic action of A. abrotanum herb ethanolic extract with erythromycin against S. aureus with efflux mechanism of MLS-resistance.	[233]
	A. absinthium	Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro	Growth inhibition by the essential oil from A. absinthium and its lethal activity against Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Staphylococcus sonnei and inhibition of growth fungi Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani. The range of MIC values was from < 0.08 mg/mL for P. mirabilis and E. aerogenes isolated from stool and for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolated from wounds, up to 2.43 mg/mL for K. oxytoca isolated from stool.	[85,88,234]
		Ethanol	Herb	nt	nt	In vitro/micromethod of diffusion in agar	Lethal effect of A. absinthium extract on B. cereus (inhibition zones diameter = 20.40 mm), Bacillus subtilis (inhibition zones diameter = 14.40 mm), Haemophilus influenzae (inhibition zones diameter = 18.40 mm), P. aeruginosa (inhibition zones diameter = 7.22 mm), and S. aureus (inhibition zones diameter = 9.37 mm) and growth suppression in P. acnes (inhibition zones diameter = 7.26 mm).	[233,235]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro	Growth inhibition of the bacteria L. monocytogenes (inhibition zone = 20 mm) and methicillin-sensitive/resistant S. cerevisiae var. chevalieri (inhibition zone = 16 mm), S. aureus (inhibition zone = 25 mm), and the fungi Fusarium culmorum (inhibition zone = 45 mm), Fusarium graminearum (inhibition zone = 15 mm), F. oxysporum (inhibition zone = 19 mm), Rhizoctonia solani (inhibition zone = 25 mm), and Sclerotinia sp. (inhibition zone = 24 mm) by A. absinthium essential oil.	[84,87]
			Aerial parts	Phenolic acids	Chlorogenic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	In vitro	Some bactericidal activity of chlorogenic acid and efflux pump inhibition by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isolated from A. absinthium.	[122]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro	Lethal action by essential oil A. absinthium against the fungi Alternaria alternata, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, F. sambucinum, and F. solani and the bacteria Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus mycoides, Micrococcus lylae, and P. aeruginosa.	[236]
	A. annua	Water	Leaves	nt	nt	In vitro (disk diffusion method)	Lethal activity of A. annua leaf extracts against E. coli.	[201]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	Monoterpenoids	1,8-cineole, camphor	In vitro (disk diffusion method)	Lethal activity of essential oil and 1,8-cineol, camphor, and Artemisia ketone isolated from A. annua herb against E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhi, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Components of essential oil penetrate through the bacterial cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction, increasing permeability of bacterial membrane and components. Low and moderate growth inhibition of the bacteria B. cereus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Sarina lutea, Shigella, S. aureus, and S. enteritidis, and fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and C. albicans by essential oil and 1,8-cineol, camphor and Artemisia ketone isolated from A. annua herb.	[91,93]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro (disk diffusion method)	Essential oil inhibits growth of the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, and fungi C. albicans, Candida famata, and C. utilis, and also inhibits cell adhesion and reduces the expression of virulence factors.	[92]
	A. dracunculus	Essential oil	Herb	nt	nt	In vitro (disk diffusion method)	Inhibition of the growth of B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, M. luteus, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, Streptococcus typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella marcescens under the influence of the essential oil of the A. dracunculus herb. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Proteus spp., and S. aureus colony growth inhibition after application of the essential oil. S. epidermidis showing the largest zone of inhibition (21.5 mm).	[101]
		Essential oil	Leaves	nt	nt	In vitro (agar well diffusion)	Essential oil of A. dracunculus leaves hampers the growth of B. cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, M. flavus, S. enteritidis, and S. aureus strains. P. aeruginosa, A.R P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. aureus MRSA (methicillin-resistant), and S. typhimurium colonies growth inhibition and bactericidal effect as well as inhibition of the growth of A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, P. funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum, Trichoderma viride, and fungicidal activity under the influence of hydroethanolic extract of the Tarragon. The MIC value for these bacteria and fungi was determined using the essential oil at a concentration of 0.03 and 25 mg/mL.	[125,153,249]
		Hydro-ethanol	Leaves	nt	nt	In vitro (disk diffusion method)/In vivo (mice)	Hydroethanolic extract of A. dracunculus leaves (at dose 200 mg/kg) significantly reduces the number of colony-forming units of C. albicans in the liver and kidneys of mice. Inhibition of the growth of the bacteria B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, and S. pyogenes, and fungi A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and Penicillium expansum under the influence of hydroethanolic herbal extract. The largest zone of growth inhibition was observed for S. pyogenes (18 mm), and the smallest for P. aeruginosa (9 mm). Inhibition of the growth of the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria (MIC 5.9 mg/mL), Helicobacter pylori (MIC 11.75 mg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 0.09 mg/mL), S. aureus MRSA (MIC 2.35 mg/mL), and S. epidermis (MIC 0.363 mg/mL), after the application of infusion of A. dracunculus and minimal inhibition effect in Enterococcus hirae MIC 23.5 mg/mL) and K. pneumoniae colonies (MIC 47 mg/mL).	[100,126,205]
	A. vulgaris	Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro/paper disc diffusion method (Candida albicans)	Inhibitory effect of the oil fraction on the development of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis, S. aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. Inhibitory effect of the oil fraction on the development of A. niger and C. albicans (inhibition zone diameter = 12.5 mm).	[41,80,88,151,250,251,252]
Antioxidant activity	A. abrotanum	Ethanol	Herb	Polyphenols	Apigenin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gentisic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin, rutoside, sinapic acid, quercitol, quercitrin,	In vitro	Moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 284.50 µg/mL) of A. abrotanum ethanolic extract in the test with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).	[58]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro	Reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (82.34%, 1000 µL) by the essential oil from the herb of A. abrotanum.	[237]
		Methanol	Herb	Phenolic acids	Isochlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercitrin	In vitro	Reducing the potential of methanolic extract from A. abrotanum herb, in particular its components, rosmarinic acid, isochlorogenic acid, and quercitrin.	[20]
	A. absinthium	Methanol	Herb	Flavonoids, phenolic acids	nt	In vitro	Antioxidant activity of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in A. absinthium. In the DPPH test, the IC50 value for radical scavenging activity was 612 μg/mL.	[238]
		Methanol	Herb	nt	nt	In vitro/DPPH assay, FRAP assay	Methanolic extracts from A. absinthium herb have a significant reduction potential (IC50 = 9.38 mg/mL). Herb extracts reduced iron(III) ions, the EC50 were lower than for the ascorbic acid control	[84]
		Essential oil	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vitro/DPPH assay, ABTS assay	A. absinthium essential oil has the ability to scavenge radicals in DPPH and ABTS (2,2’-azobis(3- ethylobenzotiazolino-6-sulfonian)) tests.	[88]
		Methanol	Herb	nt	nt	In vivo (mice)	Reducing properties of A. absinthium extract (at dose 100 or 200 mg/kg) and the ability to capture superoxide and hydrogen peroxide anions, hydroxy and nitric oxide radicals, inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing the concentration of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), and increasing the concentration of superoxide and glutathione dismutases.	[217]
	A. annua	Methanol	Leaves	Phenolic acids, flavonoids	nt	In vitro	Methanolic extracts from A. annua leaves have the highest concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds showing a reducing effect.	[39]
		Hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water	Leaves	nt	nt	In vitro	Reducing activity of A. annua leaf extracts in DPPH test.	[201]
		Essential oil	Herb	Monoterpenoids	1,8-cineol, and α-pinene	In vitro	Essential oil from A. annua herb and its components 1,8-cineol, Artemisia ketone, and α-pinene shows weak reducing activity in tests with DPPH, ABTS radical tests, and hydrogen peroxide.	[93]
	A. dracunculus	Hydro-ethanol	Herb	Flavonoids, phenolic acids	nt	In vitro	Reducing properties of the hydroethanolic herbal extract related to the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Reduction in DPPH and ABTS in the presence of phenolic compounds.	[40,100,113,125]
	A. vulgaris	Hydro-ethanol	Herb	Flavonoids, phenolic acids	nt	In vitro	Proved by different methods, such as DPPH (IC50 value was 65.5 μg/mL), lipid peroxidation, protein glycation, xanthine oxidases, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, nitric oxide, ferric reducing power activity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive species assays. Increasing the level of ascorbic acid and glutathione.	[41,128,243,253,254]
Anti-inflammatory activity	A. absinthium	Essential oil/Methanol	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vivo (mice)	Reduction (41%) in inflammatory edema in mice after administration of the essential oil (at dose 4 and 8 mg/kg) or methanolic extract from A. absinthium (at dose 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg).	[86,191]
		nt	Aerial parts	flavonoid	5,6,3′,5′-tetramethoxy-7,4-hydroxyflavone (p7F)	In vitro, In vivo (mice)	Inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, reduction in the production of prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), reduction in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by 5,6,3′,5′-tetramethoxy-7,4-hydroxyflavone isolated from A. absinthium.	[239]
		nt	Aerial parts	Chalcone	Cardamonin	In vitro (THP-1 (monocyte cell line of acute monocytic leukaemia) and RAW 264.7 (cell line of mouse macrophages)	Cardamonin isolated from A. absinthium inhibits the NFĸB (nuclear factor ĸB) pathway by the direct inhibition of DNA transcription factors, which leads to reduced NO release.	[255]
		Methanol	Herb	nt	nt	In vivo (rats)	Reduction in paw edema in rats given carrageenan and venom of Montivipera xanthina after the application of A. absinthium extract (at dose 25 and 50 mg/kg).	[241]
	A. annua	supercritical CO2	Herb	nt	nt	In vivo	Reduction in pain and stiffness in joints and improvement in mobility after using A. annua extract (at dose 150 mg).	[242]
		Aqueous	Leaves	Phenolic acid	Rosmarinic acid		Use of aqueous extracts from A. annua leaves reduces secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and IL-6. Rosmarinic acid is largely responsible for this effect.	[119]
	A. dracunculus	Ethanol, Aqueous	Herb	nt	nt	In vivo (mice)	Reduction in pain sensations and xylene-induced ear edema after the administration of the ethanolic herbal extract (at dose 50 and 100 mg/kg) to mice. Aqueous extract inhibited ROS (by 1.4%), IL-8 (by 4.0 and 4.8%), and TNF-α (by 7.8 and 5.2%). Their production imitated inflammation.	[255]
	A. vulgaris	Methanol	Leaves	nt	nt	In vivo (rats)	Extract (at dose 400 mg/kg) caused the normalization of serum lipid profile, an increase in paraoxonase-1 activity, and a decrease in serum malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and TNF-α level. Proved by lipoxygenase inhibitory activity assay and “Cotton Pellet Granuloma method.”	[214,243,256]
Antiallergenic activity	A. vulgaris	Aqueous	Aerial parts	nt	nt	In vivo	Decrease in skin sensitivity and eye sensitivity.	[244]

* nt—not tested.