Table 4.
The TMAO, TMA and other metabolites concentrations in the tissue
| Parameter [µM/kg] | Control group | L group | H group | Kruskal–Wallis test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lungs | ||||
| TMAO | 9.27 (5.19; 11.07) | 52.04 (48.16; 57.69)* | 218.25 (191.74; 282.54)*** | P < 0.001 |
| TMA | 6.52 (5.14; 8.93) | 6.71 (5.85; 8.63) | 9.76 (7.26; 11.28) | P = 0.18 |
| Choline | 1 870.59 (1 784.86; 2 062.80) | 2 038.94 (1 985.86; 2 159.95) | 1 969.03 (1 877.74; 2 120.19) | P = 0.42 |
| Carnitine | 307.11 (277.93; 309.62) | 279.62 (272.50; 342.72) | 309.68 (293.66; 334.90) | P = 0.23 |
| Liver | ||||
| TMAO | 5.40 (4.24; 9.57) | 19.82 (13.79; 23.19) | 35.85 (29.32; 41.87)*** | P = 0.001 |
| TMA | 42.80 (38.09; 47.25) | 63.12 (53.61; 73.26)* | 80.39 (62.98; 92.61)*** | P < 0.001 |
| Choline | 1 112.92 (921.26; 1 462.16) | 1 124.02 (814.50; 1 241.82) | 1 265.63 (1 014.44; 2 007.82) | P = 0.11 |
| Carnitine | 470.73 (452.88; 481.55) | 514.03 (477.57; 589.24) | 568.35 (498.70; 589.18) | P = 0.34 |
| Renal cortex | ||||
| TMAO | 14.48 (13.13; 21.87) | 27.76 (26.04; 36.82) | 189.74 (82.22; 204.48)*** | P < 0.001 |
| TMA | 158.48 (149.59; 163.61) | 240.14 (229.81; 262.72)* | 487.66 (389.55; 593.86)*** | P < 0.001 |
| Choline | 1 441.73 (1 159.19; 1 538.25) | 1 512.66 (1 462.91; 1 687.80) | 1 346.40 (1 025.19; 1 521.07) | P = 0.56 |
| Carnitine | 314.85 (291.49; 362.62) | 344.41 (226.85; 364.37) | 358.71 (306.06; 434.33) | P = 0.78 |
| Renal medulla | ||||
| TMAO | 18.53 (14.43; 27.82) | 42.74 (34.16; 43.01) | 192.02 (73.95; 213.70)***, # | P < 0.001 |
| TMA | 193.08 (186.32; 218.50) | 286.22 (267.48; 294.91) | 449.83 (348.32; 524.00)*** | P < 0.001 |
| Choline | 2 408.67 (1 737.76; 2 570.56) | 1 198.82 (399.11; 1 493.18) | 1 751.37 (1 308.89; 2 353.36) | P = 0.06 |
| Carnitine | 341.55 (314.27; 355.18) | 297.82 (288.73; 310.64) | 306.90 (299.75; 355.56) | P = 0.10 |
| Heart | ||||
| TMAO | 3.22 (2.45; 5.77) | 35.59 (34.37; 48.97)* | 96.30 (90.30; 112.43)*** | P < 0.001 |
| TMA | 0.70 (0.58; 0.85) | 4.02 (3.67; 4.36)* | 11.32 (10.42; 13.17)***, # | P < 0.001 |
| Choline | 129.98 (124.15; 156.68) | 145.91 (134.83; 150.98) | 140.36 (135.37; 152.92) | P = 0.45 |
| Carnitine | 759.22 (727.41; 796.04) | 795.12 (698.43; 838.37) | 883.12 (814.61; 916.01) | P = 0.06 |
TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine oxide; L group – TMA low-dose group; H group – TMA high-dose group. All data are expressed as the median (Q1; Q3); Kruskal–Wallis test followed by post-hoc Dunn’s test. *P < 0.05 vs control group; ***P < 0.001 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs low dose group