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. 2022 Sep 28;22(19):7400. doi: 10.3390/s22197400
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project
AAIA Adaptable Application Independent Aggregation
Additive Increase/Multiplicative Decrease
AOA Angle of Arrival
AP Access Point
BBAD Bit-by-bit Address Decoding
BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
BPSK Binary phase shift keying
CAS Collision avoidance system
CDMA Code-division Multiple Access
CSMA/CA Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
CSS Chirp spread spectrum
CTS Clear to Send
DBPSK Differential binary phase-shift keying
DFS Depth First Search
DPSK Differential phase shift keying
DSSS Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
EM Electromagnetic
FDMA Frequency-division Multiple Access
FSK Frequency shift keying
FTS Fault Tolerant Slot
GFSK Gaussian frequency shift keying
GNSS Global navigation satellite system
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HF High frequency
IoT Internet of Things
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
LF Low frequency
LoRa Long range
LOS Line of Sight
LPWA Low-Power Wide-Area
LPWAN Low-Power Wide-Area Network
LTEMTC Long-Term Evolution Machine-Type Communication
LTE Long-Term Evolution
MAC Medium access control
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
NBIoT Narrow-band Internet of Things
NB Narrow Band
NLOS Non-Line of Sight
OFDM Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access
OQPSK Offset quadrature phase shift keying
PION Pioneer
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying
RANO Reservation Aloha for No Overhearing
RF Radio frequency
RFID Radio-frequency Identification
RPMA Random Phase Multiple Access
RTS Request to Send
SCH Scheduling frame
SHF Super-high frequency
SRF Slot-reserved frame
SS Spread Spectrum
TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access
TDOA Time Difference of Arrival
TOA Time of Arrival
TOF Time of Flight
UHF Ultra-high frequency
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UWB Ultra-wideband
V2I Vehicles and infrastructure
V2P Vehicles and personnel
V2V Vehicles and vehicles
VLF Very low frequency
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network
WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network