Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of study participants.
| BCAA | Soy Protein | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 21 | 15 | |
| Age (years) | 73 ± 4 | 73 ± 4 | 0.883 |
| Female (%) | 38 | 33 | 1.000 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) * | 21 (16–24) | 19 (14–29) | 0.431 |
| Current smoking (%) | 5 | 7 | 1.000 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 0 (0–10) | 0 (0–0) | 0.526 |
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2017 ± 488 | 1804 ± 545 | 0.226 |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day) * | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.4) | 0.228 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) * | 24.3 (22.5–26.0) | 23.1 (20.9–24.6) | 0.132 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 24.8 ± 5.4 | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 0.437 |
| Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 0.259 |
| Lean body mass (kg) * | 45.9 (36.0–55.0) | 44.1 (36.7–50.4) | 0.520 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 28.4 ± 8.0 | 25.9 ± 6.4 | 0.339 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 32 ± 10 | 31 ± 8 | 0.882 |
| Knee extension strength (Nm/kg) | 140 ± 40 | 146 ± 50 | 0.694 |
| Knee extension endurance (J) | 844 ± 287 | 762 ± 286 | 0.404 |
| MMSE (points) | 28 (27–30) | 29 (27–30) | 0.590 |
| QIDS (points) | 6 (3–8) | 4 (2–6) | 0.191 |
| SAS (points) | 11 (4–16) | 13 (4–15) | 0.751 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 0.324 |
| Fasting serum insulin (pmol/L) * | 29 (17–40) | 20 (13–40) | 0.463 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 0.590 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 56 ± 7 | 53 ± 3 | 0.190 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 0.353 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 0.293 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.532 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.459 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69 ± 16 | 66 ± 16 | 0.524 |
| Urinary albumin excretion (mg/day) | 23 (5–94) | 13 (6–51) | 0.547 |
| Diabetic Complications | |||
| Neuropathy (%) | 24 | 13 | 0.674 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 57 | 60 | 1.000 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 38 | 33 | 1.000 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 24 | 33 | 0.709 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | |||
| Metformin (%) | 52 | 67 | 0.501 |
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 29 | 13 | 0.424 |
| Glinides (%) | 0 | 33 | 0.008 |
| Thiazolidines (%) | 5 | 7 | 1.000 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors (%) | 38 | 13 | 0.142 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors (%) | 62 | 73 | 0.721 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists (%) | 14 | 7 | 0.626 |
| α-glucosidase inhibitors (%) | 24 | 27 | 1.000 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or percentage. * log-transformed variables were used for the analyses. DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; QIDS, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; SAS, Starkstein Apathy Scale; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2.