Table 3.
Changes in body composition, muscle strength, and glucose and lipid parameters during the 24-week intervention period.
| Group | Baseline | 8 Weeks | 16 Weeks | 24 Weeks | p for Time | Changes between Baseline and 24 Weeks | p for Groups | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) * | B | 24.3 (22.5–26.0) | 24.1 (22.4–26.0) | 23.7 (22.4–25.7) | 24.0 (22.4–24.8) | 0.396 | −0.2 (−0.3–0.2) | 0.222 |
| S | 23.1 (20.9–24.6) | 23.2 (21.0–24.6) | 23.2 (20.8–24.6) | 22.9 (20.6–24.6) | 0.116 | 0.1 (−0.1–0.2) | ||
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | B | 24.8 ± 5.4 | 24.7 ± 5.5 | 24.8 ± 5.6 | 24.3 ± 5.2 | 0.940 | −0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.693 |
| S | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 23.7 ± 4.6 | 23.5 ± 4.5 | 23.4 ± 4.5 | 0.444 | 0.0 ± 0.5 | ||
| Knee extension strength (Nm/kg) | B | 140 ± 40 | — | — | 148 ± 40 | 0.086 | 10 ± 24 | 0.781 |
| S | 146 ± 50 | — | — | 159 ± 41 | 0.023 | 12 ± 19 | ||
| Knee extension endurance (J) | B | 844 ± 287 | — | — | 780 ± 263 | 0.036 | −44 ± 90 | 0.526 |
| S | 762 ± 286 | — | — | 744 ± 205 | 0.645 | −18 ± 149 | ||
| Grip strength (kg) | B | 32 ± 10 | — | — | 33 ± 11 | 0.044 | 2 ± 3 | 0.213 |
| S | 31 ± 8 | — | — | 32 ± 9 | 0.486 | 0 ± 2 | ||
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | B | 56 ± 7 | 55 ± 6 | 56 ± 6 | 55 ± 5 | 0.711 | −1 ± 4 | 0.140 |
| S | 53 ± 3 | 55 ± 5 | 55 ± 7 | 55 ± 8 | 0.386 | 2 ± 6 | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | B | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.2 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 0.864 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.780 |
| S | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 0.156 | 0.0 ± 1.0 | ||
| Fasting serum insulin (pmol/L) * | B | 29 (17–40) | 29 (15–41) | 28 (19–41) | 26 (16–33) | 0.711 | 0 (−8–6) | 0.182 |
| S | 20 (13–40) | 20 (14–38) | 30 (17–34) | 20 (10–28) | 0.315 | −1 (−11–2) | ||
| HOMA-IR * | B | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.5) | 1.6 (0.9–2.3) | 1.5 (0.9–1.9) | 0.762 | 0.0 (−0.3–0.4) | 0.153 |
| S | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 1.2 (0.8–2.3) | 1.5 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.6–1.6) | 0.320 | −0.1 (−0.7–0.2) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | B | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 0.648 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.145 |
| S | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 0.268 | −0.2 ± 0.3 | ||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | B | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.481 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.037 |
| S | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.4 § | 0.044 | −0.2 ± 0.3 | ||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | B | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.602 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.565 |
| S | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.177 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | ||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | B | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.372 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.801 |
| S | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.934 | 0.0 ± 0.4 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). * log-transformed variables were used for the analyses. § p < 0.05 vs. Baseline. B, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) group; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; S, Soy protein group.