Table 1.
Dynamic spinal alignment parameters.
| Parameter | Definition | Marker | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-SVA | thoracic sagittal distance between the reflective markers | C7 | T12 | mm |
| T-CVA | thoracic coronal distance between the reflective markers | C7 | T12 | mm |
| L-SVA | lumbar sagittal distance between the reflective markers | T12 | S1 | mm |
| L-CVA | lumbar coronal distance between the reflective markers | T12 | S1 | mm |
| S-SVA | whole spinal sagittal distance between the reflective markers | C7 | S1 | mm |
| S-CVA | whole spinal coronal distance between the reflective markers | C7 | S1 | mm |
| T-SA | thoracic sagittal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | C7 | T12 | ° |
| T-CA | thoracic coronal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | C7 | T12 | ° |
| L-SA | lumbar sagittal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | T12 | S1 | ° |
| L-CA | lumbar coronal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | T12 | S1 | ° |
| S-SA | whole spinal sagittal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | C7 | S1 | ° |
| S-CA | whole spinal coronal angle between the vertical axis and the line connecting the spinal markers | C7 | S1 | ° |
| P-SA | sagittal angle between the horizontal axis and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | ASIS | PSIS | ° |
| P-CA | coronal angle between the horizontal axis and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | ASIS | PSIS | ° |
| T-P SA | thoracic sagittal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | C7 | T12 | ° |
| T-P CA | thoracic coronal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | C7 | T12 | ° |
| L-P SA | lumbar sagittal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | T12 | S1 | ° |
| L-P CA | lumbar coronal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | T12 | S1 | ° |
| S-P SA | whole spinal sagittal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | C7 | S1 | ° |
| S-P CA | whole spinal coronal angle between the line connecting the spinal markers and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS | C7 | S1 | ° |
SVA, sagittal vertical axis; CVA, coronal vertical axis; SA, sagittal angle; CA, coronal angle; P SA, pelvic sagittal angle; P CA, pelvic coronal angle; ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine; PSIS, posterior superior iliac spine.