Table 1.
Characteristics of older adults with type two diabetes, according to depression and inflammation levels 1.
| Depression | Inflammation Levels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | With (n = 57) |
Without (n = 140) |
p | Low (n = 57) |
Average (n = 105) |
High (n = 35) |
p |
| Age (years) | 72.9 ± 6.2 | 71.8 ± 5.0 | 0.261 | 71 ± 4.3 | 72.4 ± 5.2 | 73.2 ± 6.8 | 0.124 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Men | 13 (22.8) | 77 (55.0) | <0.001 | 27 (47.4) | 52 (49.5) | 11 (31.4) | 0.169 |
| Women | 44 (77.2) | 63 (45.0) | 30 (52.6) | 53 (50.5) | 24 (68.6) | ||
| Education levels | |||||||
| Primary school and below | 51 (89.5) | 124 (88.6) | 0.712 | 49 (86.0) | 95 (90.5) | 31 (88.6) | 0.396 |
| Junior or senior high school | 4 (7.0) | 13 (9.3) | 7 (12.3) | 6 (5.7) | 4 (11.4) | ||
| University | 2 (3.5) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (3.8) | - | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.4 ± 7.9 | 10.5 ± 7.3 | 0.109 | 11.8 ± 7.8 | 10.8 ± 7.2 | 10.5 ± 8.1 | 0.618 |
| Diabetes medication | |||||||
| Oral hypoglycemic drug | 36 (63.2) | 102 (72.9) | 0.178 | 43 (75.4) | 73 (69.5) | 22 (62.9) | 0.435 |
| Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drug | 21 (36.8) | 38 (27.1) | 14 (24.6) | 32 (30.5) | 13 (37.1) | ||
| Lipid-lowering medication | 37 (64.9) | 102 (72.9) | 0.267 | 43 (75.4) | 74 (70.5) | 22 (62.9) | 0.438 |
| Hypertension medication | 32 (56.1) | 87 (62.1) | 0.435 | 33 (57.9) | 67 (63.8) | 19 (54.3) | 0.547 |
| HbA1c | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 0.937 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 0.169 |
| eGFR | 70.4 ± 18.5 | 71.5 ± 19.4 | 0.728 | 73.7 ± 20.5 | 72.6 ± 18.4 | 62.9 ± 17.0 | 0.017 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||
| Energy intake (Kcal/kg/day) | 22.7 ± 5.9 | 27.0 ± 7.7 | <0.001 | 26.3 ± 7.9 | 25.4 ± 6.5 | 25.9 ± 9.2 | 0.756 |
| Protein intake (g/kg) | 0.84 ± 0.30 | 0.71 ± 0.26 | 0.003 | 0.80 ± 0.28 | 0.80 ± 0.30 | 0.81 ± 0.33 | 0.999 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 61.0 ± 7.7 | 60.6 ± 8.9 | 0.748 | 61.6 ± 8.0 | 60.2 ± 9.1 | 60.6 ± 7.5 | 0.639 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 26.5 ± 6.1 | 26.9 ± 7.8 | 0.678 | 26.4 ± 6.8 | 27.0 ± 7.9 | 26.7 ± 6.3 | 0.897 |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never smoked | 50 (87.7) | 93 (66.4) | 0.006 | 41 (71.9) | 75 (71.4) | 27 (77.1) | 0.031 |
| Former smoked | 6 (10.5) | 29 (20.7) | 3 (5.3) | 16 (15.2) | - | ||
| Currently smoking | 1 (1.8) | 18 (12.9) | 13 (22.8) | 14 (13.3) | 8 (22.9) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Never consumed | 54 (94.7) | 112 (80.0) | 0.014 | 49 (86.0) | 85 (81.0) | 32 (91.4) | 0.413 |
| Formerly consumed | 3 (5.3) | 11 (7.9) | 6 (10.5) | 10 (9.5) | 1 (2.9) | ||
| Currently consuming | - | 17 (12.1) | 2 (3.5) | 10 (9.5) | 2 (5.7) | ||
1 The data that were presented in mean ± SD were analyzed by t-test. The data that were presented by number (n) and percent (%) were analyzed by chi-square tests. When cells had expected count less than five, data were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. Statistically significant at p < 0.05.