Table 8.

Effects of polydatin on skeletal system.

Study Type	Biological Effects	Cell Lines, Animal Types	Doses	References
In vivo, in vitro	↑Nrf2 signaling pathway activity, Parkin expression	Rats, human endplate chondrocytes	50 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks, 200 μM for 2 h	[30]
In vivo, in vitro	⇅BMP2–Wnt/β-catenin, ↑TAZ, mRNAs RUNX2, osteopontin, DLX5, β-catenin, and osteocalcin expression	Mice, hBMSCs	3 mg/kg every 2 days i.p. injection for 12 weeks, 0, 30, 10, 100 μM for 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 days	[210]
In vitro	↑ERK ½ activity	Mouse BMSCs	5, 10, 15, 30, 100 μM for 24 h	[212]
In vitro	↑active caspase-3, Bax, LC3II, Beclin 1, and Atg5 expression, ↓Bcl2 expression	Fibroblasts of patients with AS	0, 0.33, 1, 3, 10 μM for 24, 48, or 72 h	[213]
In vivo, In vitro	↑aggrecan and collagen II levels, Nrf2 signaling pathway activity, ↓TNF-α, p53, p16, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4 expression	Rats, nucleus pulposus cells of rats	50 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks, 0, 200, 400 μmol/L for 24 h	[214]
In vivo, in vitro	⇅osteoprotegerin, RANKL, β-catenin expression	Mice, mouse bone marrow stromal cell line ST2	10, 20, 40, mg/kg/day i.p. injection for 12 weeks, 20, 40 μg/mL for 48 h	[209]

↓: decrease, ↑: increase, ⇅: regulate, μg: microgram, μM: micromole, ADAMTS-4: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 4, Atg5: autophagy-related gene, Bax: Bcl-2-associated x, Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2, BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein 2, DLX5: distal-less homeobox 5, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, hBMSCs: human bone marrow stromal cells, i.p.: intraperitoneal, kg: kilogram, LC3II: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 ll, mg: milligram, MMP: matrix metalloprotease, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Β ligand, RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2, TAZ: tafazzin, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.