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. 2022 Oct 8;14(19):4188. doi: 10.3390/nu14194188

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) ANOVA (F = 18.25, p < 0.0001) for urine color, * difference between pre- and post-exercise (dehydration) (p = 0.0008), post-exer (dehydration) and drinking cessation (p = 0.259), ∞ pre-exer and drinking cessation (p < 0.0001). (B) ANOVA for urine osmolality. There was no effect of time (F = 1.62, p = 0.217). (C) ANOVA (F = 18.25, p < 0.0001) for urine color, * difference between pre- and post-exercise (dehydration) (p = 0.0008), post-exer (dehydration) and drinking cessation (p = 0.259), pre-exer and drinking cessation (p < 0.0001). (C) ANOVA (F = 4.14, p = 0.028) for urine specific gravity. * Statistical difference between pre-exer and drinking cessation (p = 0.022).