Table 2.
Polysaccharides that originated from Cordyceps spp.: chemical structure and immunomodulatory and antitumor activities.
| No. | Name | MW | Components | Glycosyl Linkage and Branches (Characteristic Signals) | Bioactivities | Source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AEPS-1 | 36 kDa | Glcp:GlcUp = 8:1 (M ratio), plus a trace amount of mannose |
A main chain of (1→3)-linked α-d-Glcp with α-d-Glcp and α-d-GlcUp branches attached to the main chain by (1→6) glycosidic bonds at every seventh α-d-Glcp unit | Anti-inflammatory; immunomodulatory | Mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis (Cs-HK1) | [93] |
| 2 | EPS | 104 kDa | Man:Glc:Gal = 23:1:2.6 (M ratio) | Immunomodulatory | Mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis (G1) | [58] | |
| 3 | NCSP-50 | 976 kDa | Glucose | A main chain of (1→4)-linked α-d-Glcp with α-d-Glcp branch attached to the C-6 | Immunomodulatory | C. sinensis | [59] |
| 4 | CSP | 28 kDa | Gal:Glc:Man:Ara:GalA = 36.40:28.99:24.81:3.34:7.55 (percentage ratio) | A main chain of (1→4)-linked α-d-Glc and (1→4)-linked α-d-Gal | Antitumor | Cultured mycelia of C. sinensis | [51,65] |
| 5 | CME-1 | 27.6 kDa | Man:Gal:Glc = 39.1:59.2:1.7 (M ratio) | A backbone of (1→4)-linked β-d-Man with Gal branches attached to the O- 6 | Antitumor | Cultured mycelia of C. sinensis | [49] |
| 6 | APSP | Man:Glc:Gal = 3.5:1:1.5 (M ratio) | Immunomodulatory | Mycelia of liquid cultured C. sinensis | [53] | ||
| 7 | PLCM (CPSN Fr II) |
36 kDa | Man:Gal:Glc:Protein:Hexosamine:Uronic acid = 65.12:28.72:6.12:0.20:0.06:0.29 (percentage ratio) | A backbone of (1→2)-, (1→6)-linked β-d-Man with (1→4)-linked β-d-Gal branches attached to the O- 6 | Immunomodulatory | C. militaris liquid culture broth | [55,94] |
| 8 | CMP-III | 4.796 × 104 kDa | Glc:Man:Gal = 8.09:1.00:0.25 (M ratio) | A backbone of (1→4)-linked α-d-Glc with (1→4,6)-linked α-d-Man and (1→2,6)-α-d-Man branches attached to the O- 6 | Immunomodulatory | Cultured fruiting bodies of C. militaris | [54] |
| 9 | CMPB90-1 | 5.8 kD | Gal:Glc:Man = 3.04:1:1.45 (M ratio) | A main chain of (1→6)-linked α-d-Glc and (1→3)- linked α-d-Glc, with branching at O-6, which consists of (1→4)-linked β-d-Man and (1→6)-linked α-d-Glc, respectively, and β-d-Man as the terminal unit | Immunomodulatory | Cultured fruiting bodies of C. militaris | [95] |
| 10 | CPMN Fr III | 210 kDa | Glc:Gal:Man = 9.17:18.61:72.22 (M ratio) | A backbone of (1→6)- linked β-d-Man and (1→6)- linked β-d-Glc with branches of (1→4)- linked β-d-Man terminated with d-Gal and d-Man, respectively | Immunomodulatory | Cultured mycelia of C. militaris | [50] |
| 11 | HS002-II | 44 kDa | D-Man:D-Rib:L-Rha:D-GlcUA:D-GalUA:D-Glc:D-Gal:D-Xyl:L-Ara = 6.47:2.27:1.25:0.69:0.42:65.89:16.17:2.13:4.26 (M ratio) polysaccharide:protein = 57.9:42.1 (percentage ratio) |
A long backbone of (1→3)-linked α-d-Ribf, (1→4)-linked α-d-Xylp and approximately 1/31 of (1→4)-linked β-d-Glcp, which was substituted at C-6. The two branches were (1→6)-linked β-d-Manp and (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp terminated with α-L-Arap, respectively | Immunomodulatory | Mycelial fermentation of Hirsutella sinensis Liu, Guo, Yu and Zeng | [96] |
| 12 | P70-1 | 42 k Da | Man:Gal:Glc = 3.12:1.45:1.00 (M ratio) | A backbone of (1→6)-linked α-d-Manp with branching points at O-3, and the branches composed of (1→4)-linked α-d-Glcp and (1→6)-linked β-d-Galp, and terminated with β-d-Galp and α-d-Glcp | Antioxidant | Fruiting bodies of cultured C. militaris | [97] |
| 13 | CPS-1 | 23 kDa | Rha:Xyl:Man:Glc:Gla = 1:6.43:25.6:16.0:13.8 (M ratio) | Composed of (1→2)-linked Man, (1→4)-linked Xyl and (1→2)-linked or (1→3)-linked Rha or Gal | Anti-inflammatory | Cultured C. militaris | [63] |
| 14 | AIPS | 1.15 × 103 kDa | Glucose | α-d-(1→4) glucan | Antitumor | Mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis (Cs-HK1) | [98] |
Ara, arabinose; Arap, arabinopyranosyl; Gal, galactose; GalA, galacturonic acid; GalUA, galacturonic acid; Glc, glucose; Glcp, glucopyranose; GlcUA, glucuronic acid; GlcUp, pyrano-glucuronic acid; Man, mannose; Manp, mannopyranosyl; MW, molecular weight; Rha, rhamnose; Rib, ribose; Ribf, ribofuranosyl; Xyl, Xylose; Xylp, xylopyranosyl.