Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Author and Year | Continent | Population | Mean Age (Years) |
Sex (% Male) | Adjusted HR for All-Cause Mortality | Mean/Median Follow-up (Months) | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ozen 2022 [23] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 65.7 | 33.7 | 0.46 | 15.0 | 7 |
| Kim 2021 [24] | Asia | CKD | 57.0 | 55.4 | 0.72 | 35.7 | 8 |
| Yashima 2021 [25] | Asia | CVD | 84.2 | 29.6 | 0.76 | 22.0 | 7 |
| Cheng 2021 [26] | Asia | CKD | 33.4 | 45.6 | 0.88 | 60.2 | 8 |
| Cheung 2021 [27] | Asia | Other | 61.2 | 71.3 | 0.21 | 94.8 | 8 |
| Chhibber 2021 [28] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 60.1 | 34.1 | 0.72 | 36.0 | 8 |
| Jung 2021 [29] | Asia | Other | 59.2 | 45.1 | 0.71 | 72.0 | 8 |
| Shavadia 2021 [30] | North America | CVD | 69.0 | 48.4 | 0.96 | 20.7 | 7 |
| Kim 2020 [31] | Asia | Other | 78.0 | 34.3 | 0.83 | 104.4 | 8 |
| Tan 2020 [32] | North America | Cancer | 74.0 | 100 | 0.89 | 42.0 | 8 |
| Lin 2018 [33] | Asia | CVD | 61.2 | 56.1 | 0.54 | 60.0 | 8 |
| Köhler-Forsberg 2019 [34] | Europe | Other | 65.7 | 49.5 | 0.90 | 162.2 | 8 |
| Jung 2019 [35] | Asia | Other | 60.5 | 46.7 | 0.61 | 78.0 | 8 |
| Huang 2018 [36] | Asia | CKD | 59.4 | 36.2 | 0.59 | 63.6 | 8 |
| Jorge 2018 [37] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 64.4 | 23.1 | 0.84 | 61.2 | 8 |
| Keller 2017 [38] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 64.9 | 80.8 | 0.84 | 60.0 | 8 |
| Orkaby 2017 [39] | North America | Other | 76.0 | 100 | 0.82 | 84.0 | 8 |
| Kim 2017 [40] | Asia | CVD | 69.8 | 52.9 | 0.80 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Oza 2017 [41] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 61.4 | 79.5 | 0.63 | 63.6 | 8 |
| Fung 2017 [42] | Asia | Other | 64.8 | 41.8 | 0.38 | 50.5 | 8 |
| Chung 2017 [43] | Asia | CKD | 63.3 | 44.5 | 0.73 | 44.4 | 8 |
| Hsu 2017 [44] | Asia | CVD | 62.2 | 44.0 | 0.72 | 68.4 | 8 |
| Holzhauser 2017 [45] | North America | Other | 72.0 | 38.0 | 0.42 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Cho 2017 [46] | Asia | CKD | 53.9 | 53.3 | 0.54 | 30.0 | 8 |
| Sanfilippo 2016 [47] | North America | Cancer | 68.6 | 97.9 | 0.78 | 34.0 | 8 |
| Tanaka 2017 [48] | Asia | CVD | 71.0 | 95.0 | 0.14 | 24.0 | 8 |
| Rothschild 2016 [49] | North America | CVD | 85.2 | 46.0 | 0.88 | 37.2 | 8 |
| Ble 2017 [50] | Europe | CVD | 76.4 | 54.5 | 0.62 | 120.0 | 8 |
| Ramos 2016 [51] | Europe | Other | 66.9 | 55.9 | 0.81 | 43.2 | 8 |
| Woo 2015 [52] | Asia | CVD | 66.7 | 28.0 | 1.42 | 11.2 | 7 |
| Vedel-Krogh 2015 [53] | Europe | Other | 71.0 | 64.0 | 0.73 | 91.2 | 8 |
| Sun 2015 [54] | Asia | Cancer | 68.5 | 100 | 0.65 | 93.0 | 8 |
| Yu 2015 [55] | Asia | Inflammatory disease | 37.9 | 11.1 | 0.67 | 100.8 | 8 |
| Schoenfeld 2016 [56] | North America | Inflammatory disease | 65.3 | 34.4 | 0.79 | 54.1 | 8 |
| Alehagen 2015 [57] | Europe | CVD | 77.0 | 47.0 | 0.80 | 21.3 | 7 |
| Smith 2015 [58] | North America | Other | 72.0 | 50.9 | 0.79 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Chen 2015 [59] | Asia | CVD | 59.0 | 60.4 | 0.87 | 24.0 | 8 |
| Alehagen 2015 [60] | Europe | CVD | 73.0 | 71.0 | 0.81 | 24.9 | 7 |
| De Blois 2015 [61] | Europe | CVD | 70.2 | 71.0 | 0.68 | 120.0 | 8 |
| Yang 2014 [62] | Asia | Other | 64.9 | 52.0 | 0.68 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Carlsson 2014 [63] | Europe | CVD | 77.2 | 100 | 0.66 | 40.8 | 8 |
| Wändell 2014 [64] | Europe | CVD | 76.3 | 55.0 | 0.56 | 44.4 | 8 |
| Lawes 2012 [65] | Australia | Other | 71.6 | 58.4 | 0.69 | 22.8 | 7 |
| Orkaby 2020 [66] | North America | Other | 81.1 | 97.3 | 0.75 | 81.6 | 8 |
| Zhou 2020 [67] | Australia | Other | 74.2 | 39.4 | 0.87 | 56.4 | 8 |
| Jung 2020 [68] | Asia | CKD | 64.9 | 58.8 | 0.65 | 40.8 | 8 |
| van Dongen 2019 [69] | Europe | CVD | 45.0 | 67.6 | 0.38 | 99.6 | 8 |
| Rusnak 2019 [70] | Europe | CVD | 68.0 | 77.0 | 0.44 | 36.0 | 8 |
| Al-Gobari 2019 [71] | Europe | CVD | 74.9 | 58.0 | 0.86 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Marume 2019 [72] | Asia | CVD | 76.0 | 34.0 | 0.21 | 25.0 | 8 |
| Wu 2018 [73] | Asia | Other | 66.3 | 51.6 | 0.79 | 12.0 | 7 |
| Lee 2018a [74] | North America | CVD | 73.0 | 50.6 | 0.73 | 30.0 | 8 |
| Lee 2018b [74] | North America | CVD | 72.1 | 65.1 | 0.76 | 30.0 | 8 |
| Lee 2018c [74] | North America | CVD | 68.8 | 66.7 | 0.86 | 30.0 | 8 |
| Chung 2017 [75] | Asia | CVD | 66.0 | 58.0 | 0.76 | 48.0 | 8 |
| Tsujimoto 2017 [76] | Asia | Other | nd | 58.6 | 0.62 | 62.4 | 8 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; nd, no data; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Inflammatory diseases consist of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, gout, and ankylosing spondylitis. Other include the elderly, hepatitis, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus, and healthy subjects.