Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by coffee and tea intake in the UK Biobank cohort.
| Coffee Intake, cups/day, No. (%) | Tea Intake, cups/day, No. (%) | Caffeine Intake, mg/day, No. (%) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All Participants | 0 | 0.5 to 1 | 2 to 3 | ≥4 | 0 | 0.5 to 1 | 2 to 3 | ≥4 | Q1(≤160.0) | Q2 (160.0–235.0) | Q3 (235.0–305.0) | Q4 (305.0–390.0) | Q5 (≥390.0) |
| Total number, No. (%) | 424,725 | 93,503 (22.0) | 115,909 (27.3) | 132,751 (31.3) | 82,562 (19.4) | 61,993 (14.6) | 48,852 (11.5) | 125,407 (29.5) | 188,473 (44.4) | 93,308 (22.0) | 84,391 (19.9) | 81,117 (19.1) | 86,317 (20.3) | 79,592 (18.7) |
| Asthma cases, No. (%) | 8680 (2.0) | 2130 (2.3) | 2305 (2.0) | 2476 (1.9) | 1769 (2.1) | 1371 (2.2) | 889 (1.8) | 2417 (1.9) | 4003 (2.1) | 1991 (2.1) | 1602 (1.9) | 1597 (2.0) | 1764 (2.0) | 1757 (2.2) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 56.61 (8.06) | 55.52 (8.21) | 57.09 (8.02) | 57.16 (7.97) | 56.30 (7.95) | 55.52 (8.22) | 55.60 (8.32) | 56.75 (8.10) | 57.14 (7.85) | 55.29 (8.39) | 57.00 (8.10) | 57.11 (7.90) | 57.34 (7.79) | 56.45 (7.88) |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 195,568 (46.0) | 39,726 (42.5) | 50,681 (43.7) | 62,304 (46.9) | 42,857 (51.9) | 27,370 (44.2) | 23,580 (48.3) | 57,911 (46.2) | 86,707 (46.0) | 39,342 (42.2) | 37,471 (44.4) | 36,365 (44.8) | 40,319 (46.7) | 42,071 (52.9) |
| Female, n (%) | 229,157 (54.0) | 53,777 (57.5) | 65,228 (56.3) | 70,712 (53.1) | 39,705 (48.1) | 34,623 (55.8) | 25,272 (51.7) | 67,496 (53.8) | 101,766 (54.0) | 53,966 (57.8) | 46,920 (55.6) | 44,725 (55.2) | 45,998 (53.3) | 37,521 (47.1) |
| Race | ||||||||||||||
| White, n (%) | 385,709 (90.8) | 82,724 (88.5) | 104,622 (90.3) | 121,406 (91.5) | 76,957 (93.2) | 56,422 (91.0) | 42,401 (86.8) | 112,582 (89.8) | 174,304 (92.5) | 79,931 (85.7) | 76,349 (90.5) | 74,983 (92.4) | 80,425 (93.2) | 74,021 (93.0) |
| Non-white, n (%) | 39,016 (9.2) | 10,779 (11.5) | 11,287 (9.7) | 11,345 (8.5) | 5605 (6.8) | 5571 (9.0) | 6451 (13.2) | 12,825 (10.2) | 14,169 (7.5) | 13,377 (14.3) | 8042 (9.5) | 6134 (7.6) | 5892 (6.8) | 5571 (7.0) |
| Coffee intake, mean (SD) | 2.02 (2.07) | 0 (0) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.39 (0.49) | 5.30 (2.03) | 3.47 (2.77) | 2.78 (2.11) | 1.97 (1.67) | 1.37 (1.69) | 0.50 (0.63) | 1.33 (0.91) | 1.70 (1.37) | 2.42 (1.39) | 4.42 (2.88) |
| Tea intake, mean (SD) | 3.42 (2.86) | 4.52 (3.29) | 4.03 (2.59) | 2.97 (2.36) | 2.03 (2.72) | 0 (0) | 0.87 (0.22) | 2.51 (0.50) | 5.81 (2.54) | 1.80 (1.40) | 2.81 (1.60) | 3.60 (2.23) | 4.11 (2.33) | 5.02 (4.59) |
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
| Never, n (%) | 232,699 (54.8) | 55,079 (58.9) | 67,175 (58.0) | 72,692 (54.8) | 37,753 (45.7) | 32,324 (52.1) | 26,598 (54.4) | 71,033 (56.6) | 102,744 (54.5) | 57,178 (61.3) | 47,934 (56.8) | 45,268 (55.8) | 46,339 (53.7) | 35,980 (45.2) |
| Previous, n (%) | 147,129 (34.6) | 29,361 (31.4) | 40,004 (34.5) | 47,618 (35.9) | 30,146 (36.5) | 21,078 (34.0) | 16,857 (34.5) | 43,786 (34.9) | 65,408 (34.7) | 29,346 (31.5) | 30,054 (35.3) | 28,649 (35.3) | 30,854 (35.7) | 28,226 (35.5) |
| Current, n (%) | 44,897 (10.6) | 9063 (9.7) | 8730 (7.5) | 12,441 (9.4) | 14,663 (17.8) | 8591 (13.9) | 5397 (11.0) | 10,588 (8.4) | 20,321 (10.8) | 6784 (7.3) | 6403 (7.6) | 7200 (8.9) | 9124 (10.6) | 15,386 (19.3) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27.31 (4.69) | 27.37 (4.90) | 26.96 (4.60) | 27.19 (4.53) | 27.92 (4.76) | 27.97 (5.16) | 27.32 (4.78) | 27.10 (4.57) | 27.23 (4.56) | 27.26 (4.99) | 27.07 (4.61) | 27.20 (4.57) | 27.31 (4.50) | 27.74 (4.70) |
| BMI category, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
| <25 | 142,884 (33.6) | 31,945 (34.2) | 42,783 (36.9) | 45,142 (34.0) | 23,014 (27.9) | 18,738 (30.2) | 16,653 (34.1) | 44,083 (35.2) | 63,410 (33.6) | 33,631 (36.0) | 30,291 (35.9) | 27,604 (34.0) | 28,125 (32.6) | 23,233 (29.2) |
| 25 to <30 | 181,689 (42.8) | 38,480 (41.1) | 48,638 (42.0) | 57,957 (43.7) | 36,614 (44.3) | 25,301 (40.8) | 20,541 (42.0) | 53,782 (42.9) | 82,065 (43.5) | 37,265 (39.9) | 35,643 (42.2) | 35,294 (43.5) | 38,153 (44.2) | 35,334 (44.4) |
| ≥30 | 100,152 (23.6) | 23,078 (24.7) | 24,488 (21.1) | 29,652 (22.3) | 22,934 (27.8) | 17,954 (29.0) | 11,658 (23.9) | 27,542 (22.0) | 42,998 (22.8) | 22,412 (24.0) | 18,457 (21.9) | 18,219 (22.5) | 20,039 (23.2) | 21,025 (26.4) |
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| College or University Degree | 137,939 (32.5) | 25,112 (26.9) | 39,162 (33.8) | 47,804 (36.0) | 25,861 (31.3) | 18,838 (30.4) | 19,577 (40.1) | 43,705 (34.9) | 55,819 (29.6) | 30,410 (32.6) | 28,631 (33.9) | 26,548 (32.7) | 28,291 (32.8) | 24,059 (30.2) |
| Professional Qualifications | 50,080 (11.8) | 11,371 (12.2) | 13,369 (11.5) | 15,054 (11.3) | 10,286 (12.5) | 7296 (11.8) | 4937 (10.1) | 14,061 (11.2) | 23,786 (12.6) | 10,226 (11.0) | 9514 (11.3) | 9531 (11.7) | 10,631 (12.3) | 10,178 (12.8) |
| A Levels/AS Levels or Equivalent | 475,04 (11.2) | 9799 (10.5) | 13,452 (11.6) | 15,247 (11.5) | 9006 (10.9) | 7185 (11.6) | 6121 (12.5) | 14,241 (11.4) | 19,957 (10.6) | 10,820 (11.6) | 9583 (11.4) | 9207 (11.4) | 9460 (11.0) | 8434 (10.6) |
| O Levels/GCSEs or Equivalent | 113,778 (26.8) | 26,311 (28.1) | 30,201 (26.1) | 34,284 (25.8) | 22,982 (27.8) | 17,969 (29.0) | 12,180 (24.9) | 33,093 (26.4) | 50,535 (26.8) | 25,308 (27.1) | 22,378 (26.5) | 21,653 (26.7) | 22,911 (26.5) | 21,527 (27.0) |
| None of the above | 75,424 (17.8) | 20,910 (22.4) | 19,725 (17.0) | 20,362 (15.3) | 14,427 (1.7) | 10,704 (17.3) | 6036 (12.4) | 20,307 (16.2) | 38,376 (20.4) | 16,544 (17.7) | 14,285 (16.9) | 14,178 (17.5) | 15,024 (17.4) | 15,393 (19.3) |
| Townsend deprivation, mean (SD) | −1.36 (3.06) | −0.92 (3.25) | −1.45 (3.01) | −1.58 (2.95) | −1.40 (3.02) | −1.14 (3.15) | −1.19 (3.14) | −1.42 (3.04) | −1.44 (3.01) | −0.90 (3.27) | −1.45 (3.00) | −1.58 (2.92) | −1.64 (2.90) | −1.29 (3.09) |
| Townsend deprivation index quartiles | ||||||||||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 106,212 (25.0) | 20,129 (21.5) | 29,759 (25.7) | 35,562 (26.8) | 20,762 (25.1) | 14,232 (23.0) | 11,680 (23.9) | 32,385 (25.8) | 47,915 (25.4) | 20,285 (21.7) | 21,580 (25.6) | 21,516 (26.5) | 23,309 (27.0) | 19,523 (24.5) |
| Q2 | 106,166 (25.0) | 21,511 (23.0) | 29,219 (25.2) | 34,424 (25.9) | 21,013 (25.5) | 15,010 (24.2) | 11,668 (23.9) | 31,288 (24.9) | 48,200 (25.6) | 20,942 (22.4) | 21,448 (25.4) | 21,178 (26.1) | 23,015 (26.7) | 19,583 (24.6) |
| Q3 | 106,173 (25.0) | 23,525 (25.2) | 29,137 (25.1) | 33,064 (24.9) | 20,447 (24.8) | 15,560 (25.1) | 12,331 (25.2) | 31,156 (24.8) | 47,126 (25.0) | 23,521 (25.2) | 21,228 (25.2) | 20,389 (25.1) | 21,320 (24.7) | 19,714 (24.8) |
| Q4 (highest) | 106,174 (25.0) | 28,338 (30.3) | 27,794 (24.0) | 29,701 (22.4) | 20,340 (24.6) | 17,190 (27.7) | 13,173 (27.0) | 30,578 (24.4) | 45,232 (24.0) | 28,559 (30.6) | 20,135 (23.9) | 18,035 (22.2) | 18,673 (21.6) | 20,772 (26.1) |
| Types of most commonly consumed coffee | ||||||||||||||
| Coffee drinkers, n (%) | 331,222 (78.0) | NA | 115,909 (100.0) | 132,751 (100.0) | 82,562 (100.0) | 52,278 (84.3) | 43,979 (90.0) | 104,787 (83.6) | 130,178 (69.1) | 43,791 (46.9) | 70,465 (83.5) | 63,568 (78.4) | 79,968 (92.6) | 73,430 (92.3) |
| Decaffeinated, n (%) | 63,810 (19.3) | NA | 22,792 (19.7) | 24,755 (18.6) | 16,263 (19.7) | 10,353 (19.8) | 7338 (16.7) | 19,553 (18.7) | 26,566 (20.4) | 8509 (19.4) | 12,579 (17.9) | 11,760 (18.4) | 16,234 (20.3) | 14,728 (20.1) |
| Instant, n (%) | 185,657 (56.1) | NA | 59,075 (51.0) | 73,168 (55.1) | 53,414 (64.7) | 31,757 (60.7) | 24,044 (54.7) | 57,380 (54.8) | 72,476 (55.7) | 20,701 (47.3) | 37,121 (52.7) | 35,252 (19.0) | 46,250 (57.8) | 46,333 (63.1) |
| Ground, n (%) | 75,748 (22.9) | NA | 30,729 (26.5) | 33,009 (24.9) | 12,010 (14.5) | 9371 (17.9) | 11,910 (27.1) | 26,030 (24.8) | 28,437 (21.8) | 13,249 (30.3) | 19,289 (27.4) | 15,497 (20.5) | 16,341 (20.4) | 11,372 (15.5) |
| Other, n (%) | 6007 (1.8) | NA | 3313 (2.9) | 1819 (1.4) | 875 (1.1) | 797 (1.5) | 687 (1.6) | 1824 (1.7) | 2699 (2.1) | 1332 (3.0) | 1476 (2.1) | 1059 (17.6) | 1143 (1.4) | 997 (1.4) |
Abbreviations: A, Advanced; AS, Advanced Subsidiary; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; NA, not applicable; No., number; O, Ordinary; Q, quartiles; SD, standard deviation; UK Biobank, United Kingdom Biobank.