. 2022 Sep 28;14(19):4039. doi: 10.3390/nu14194039

Table 2.

Coffee and tea consumption in relation to asthma risk: UK Biobank.

Characteristics	Hazard Ratio for Asthma
Characteristics	HR (95%CI) from Crude Model ^a	p-Value	HR (95%CI) from Model 1 ^b	p-Value	HR (95%CI) from Model 2 ^c	p-Value	HR (95%CI) from Model 3 ^d	p-Value
Coffee (cups/day)
0	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
0.5 to 1	0.872 (0.822~0.925)	<0.001	0.849 (0.800~0.901)	<0.001	0.912 (0.859~0.967)	0.002	0.919 (0.866~0.976)	0.006
2 to3	0.817 (0.771~0.866)	<0.001	0.800 (0.755~0.848)	<0.001	0.855 (0.807~0.907)	<0.001	0.877 (0.826~0.931)	<0.001
≥4	0.940 (0.882~1.001)	0.054	0.944 (0.886~1.005)	0.072	0.932 (0.874~0.993)	0.03	0.970 (0.908~1.037)	0.376
	P_trend = 0.002		P_trend = 0.003		P_trend = 0.002		P_trend = 0.090
Tea (cups/day)
0	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
0.5 to 1	0.822 (0.755~0.894)	<0.001	0.827 (0.760~0.900)	<0.001	0.891 (0.819~0.970)	0.008	0.889 (0.816~0.968)	0.007
2 to3	0.870 (0.815~0.930)	<0.001	0.856 (0.801~0.914)	<0.001	0.935 (0.875~1.000)	0.049	0.929 (0.868~0.995)	0.037
≥4	0.870 (0.815~0.930)	0.195	0.938 (0.882~0.997)	0.041	1.000 (0.940~1.064)	0.996	0.991 (0.928~1.059)	0.799
	P_trend = 0.588		P_trend = 0.701		P_trend = 0.248		P_trend = 0.417
Coffee—caffeinated only (cups/day)
0	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
0.5 to 1	0.837 (0.786~0.892)	<0.001	0.820 (0.770~0.870)	<0.001	0.876 (0.822~0.933)	<0.001	0.883 (0.829~0.941)	<0.001
2 to3	0.796 (0.749~0.846)	<0.001	0.911 (0.851~0.975)	<0.001	0.837 (0.786~0.890)	<0.001	0.858 (0.806~0.915)	<0.001
≥4	0.901 (0.842~0.965)	0.003	0.911 (0.851~0.975)	0.007	0.896 (0.836~0.960)	0.002	0.933 (0.868~1.003)	0.059
	P_trend < 0.001		P_trend < 0.001		P_trend < 0.001		P_trend = 0.006
Tea and coffee—Caffeine intake quintiles
Q1(≤160.0)	Ref		Ref		Ref
Q2(160.0–235.0)	0.889 (0.832~0.949)	<0.001	0.866 (0.811~0.925)	<0.001	0.899 (0.842~0.961)	0.002	NA
Q3(235.0–305.0)	0.922 (0.863~0.985)	0.016	0.898 (0.840~0.959)	0.001	0.926 (0.867~0.990)	0.023	NA
Q4 (305.0–390.0)	0.940 (0.882~1.003)	0.061	0.915 (0.858~0.976)	0.007	0.940 (0.881~1.003)	0.062	NA
Q5 (≥390.0)	1.035 (0.971~1.103)	0.295	1.037 (0.972~1.105)	0.274	0.999 (0.936~1.066)	0.979	NA
	P_trend = 0.161		P_trend = 0.168		P_trend = 0.719

^a unadjusted (crude) model; ^b Adjusted by age and gender; ^c Adjusted by age, gender, race, BMI, smoking status, education, and Townsend Index; ^d Adjusted by age, gender, race, body mass index, smoking status, education, and Townsend Index, and adjusted for coffee in tea analysis or for tea in coffee analysis. Abbreviations: HR: hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q, quartiles.