. 2022 Sep 20;27(19):6166. doi: 10.3390/molecules27196166

Table 3.

Semi-quantification of volatile compounds (mg/L) of fresh orange juice of different varieties.

RT (min)	Volatile Compound	RI_exp	RI_lit	Koino of Chios	Jaffa	Koino of Rhodes	Koino of Arta	Valencia	Navelina	Merlin	p
				Average ± standard deviation
	Aldehydes
8.28	Pentanal	706	695	nd ^a	0.08 ± 0.02 ^c	0.06 ± 0.03 ^{b, c}	0.06 ± 0.02 ^{b, c}	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.03 ^{b, c}	0.04 ± 0.02 ^b	0.000
10.52	Hexanal	809	804	0.38 ± 0.10 ^{a, b}	0.91 ± 0.25 ^c	0.53 ± 0.22 ^{a, b}	0.53 ± 0.20 ^{a, b}	0.28 ± 0.23 ^a	0.64 ± 0.31 ^{b, c}	0.39 ± 0.16 ^{a, b}	0.000
12.62	Heptanal	911	903	0.05 ± 0.02 ^a	0.11 ± 0.02 ^a	0.05 ± 0.03 ^a	0.07 ± 0.02 ^a	0.04 ± 0.02 ^a	0.11 ± 0.11 ^a	0.09 ± 0.04 ^a	0.018
14.57	Octanal	1014	1005	0.55 ± 0.58 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.42 ± 0.57 ^{a, b}	0.05 ± 0.01 ^b	0.001
16.32	Nonanal	1109	1106	0.16 ± 0.18 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
18.58	Decanal	1217	1206	0.39 ± 0.41 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
	Total			1.53 ± 0.74	1.10 ± 0.25	0.64 ± 0.22	0.66 ± 0.20	0.32 ± 0.23	1.22 ± 0.66	0.57 ± 0.17
	Alcohols
4.05	Ethanol	<600	<600	1.73 ± 0.32 ^c	0.98 ± 0.39 ^{a, b}	0.64 ± 0.33 ^{a, b}	1.02 ± 0.29 ^b	0.47 ± 0.30 ^a	0.90 ± 0.47 ^{a, b}	0.63 ± 0.33 ^{a, b}	0.000
7.81	1-Penten-3-ol	682	686	nd ^a	0.02 ± 0.00 ^b	Nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
11.70	3-Hexen-1-ol (Z)	864	855	0.15 ± 0.09 ^a	0.46 ± 0.20 ^b	0.31 ± 0.27 ^{a, b}	0.26 ± 0.11 ^{a, b}	0.14 ± 0.06 ^a	0.20 ± 0.12 ^a	0.14 ± 0.11 ^a	0.001
11.82	2-Hexen-1-ol (E)	872	872	0.09 ± 0.06 ^b	0.30 ± 0.21 ^b	0.07 ± 0.08 ^b	0.06 ± 0.06 ^b	nd ^a	0.10 ± 0.06 ^b	0.05 ± 0.02 ^b	0.000
11.87	Hexanol	874	876	0.12 ± 0.08 ^a	0.36 ± 0.21 ^b	0.16 ± 0.18 ^a	0.18 ± 0.09 ^{a, b}	0.22 ± 0.11 ^{a, b}	0.18 ± 0.07 ^{a, b}	0.09 ± 0.05 ^a	0.002
15.73	Octanol	1077	1070	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.18 ± 0.22 ^{a, b}	0.19 ± 0.13 ^{a, b}	0.18 ± 0.12 ^{a, b}	0.33 ± 0.45 ^b	0.13 ± 0.04 ^{a, b}	0.026
	Total			2.09 ± 0.06	2.12 ± 0.53	1.36 ± 0.52	1.71 ± 0.35	1.01 ± 0.35	1.71 ± 0.67	0.99 ± 0.35
	Esters
6.45	Acetic acid ethyl ester	613	612	0.24 ± 0.08 ^c	0.08 ± 0.04 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
10.42	Butanoic acid ethyl ester	805	802	1.07 ± 0.41 ^c	0.57 ± 0.43 ^b	0.09 ± 0.09 ^a	0.34 ± 0.24 ^{a, b}	0.18 ± 0.20 ^{a, b}	0.31 ± 0.12 ^{a, b}	0.45 ± 0.18 ^{a, b}	0.000
11.27	2-Butenoic acid ethyl ester	845	844	0.05 ± 0.02 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
14.22	Hexanoic acid ethyl ester	996	996	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.04 ± 0.07	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.029
14.51	2-Hexen-1-ol acetic acid ester	1011	1016	nd ^a	0.07 ± 0.07 ^b	nd^a	nd^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
16.89	3-Hydroxy- hexanoic acid ethyl ester	1137	1128	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.12 ± 0.11 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.11 ± 0.06 ^b	0.000
18.17	Octanoic acid ethyl ester	1200	1198	0.10 ± 0.03 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.02 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.01 ^b	0.000
23.19	Decanoic acid ethyl ester	1392	1393	0.05 ± 0.02 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
	Total			1.51 ± 0.42	0.72 ± 0.44	0.09 ± 0.09	0.46 ± 0.26	0.22 ± 0.21	0.31 ± 0.12	0.61 ± 0.19
	Ketones
7.89	2-Pentanone	687	686	nd ^a	0.03 ± 0.01 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
	Terpenoids
13.54	alpha-Pinene	959	936	0.44 ± 0.28 ^b	0.31 ± 0.18 ^{a, b}	0.41 ± 0.36 ^{a, b}	0.31 ± 0.14 ^{a, b}	0.10 ± 0.07 ^a	0.34 ± 0.23 ^{a, b}	0.14 ± 0.05 ^{a, b}	0.020
14.32	beta-Myrcene	1000	986	2.10 ± 1.01 ^b	1.59 ± 0.78 ^{a, b}	1.95 ± 1.31 ^b	1.76 ± 0.58 ^{a, b}	0.57 ± 0.43 ^a	1.58 ± 0.77 ^{a, b}	1.02 ± 0.33 ^{a, b}	0.006
14.33	beta-Pinene	1001	989	0.08 ± 0.04 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.04 ± 0.02 ^b	nd ^a	0.000
14.88	Phelandrene	1031	1010	0.10 ± 0.06 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
14.94	delta-3-Carene	1034	1020	0.05 ± 0.06 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.24 ± 0.22 ^c	nd ^a	0.000
15.07	alpha-Terpinene	1041	1023	0.11 ± 0.06 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.04 ^b	nd ^a	0.000
15.19	p-Cymene	1049	1034	0.68 ± 0.55 ^b	0.09 ± 0.02 ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
15.29	dL-Limonene	1055	1039	11.66 ± 3.84 ^b	8.11 ± 3.21 ^{a, b}	8.93 ± 5.27 ^{a, b}	8.30 ± 1.94 ^{a, b}	4.08 ± 1.84 ^a	10.65 ± 4.30 ^b	12.78 ± 5.00 ^b	0.001
15.44	Sabinene	1062	-	0.51 ± 0.26 ^b	0.32 ± 0.21 ^{a, b}	0.45 ± 0.34 ^{a, b}	0.38 ± 0.14 ^{a, b}	0.14 ± 0.10 ^a	0.40 ± 0.27 ^{a, b}	0.18 ± 0.09 ^{a, b}	0.013
15.77	gamma-Terpinene	1080	1065	0.91 ± 0.85 ^b	0.10 ± 0.08 ^a	0.14 ± 0.11 ^a	0.13 ± 0.06 ^a	nd ^a	0.15 ± 0.11 ^a	nd ^a	0.000
16.39	Linalool	1112	1103	2.31 ± 2.14 ^b	0.68 ± 0.53 ^a	1.61 ± 1.11 ^{a, b}	1.31 ± 0.40 ^{a, b}	0.61 ± 0.56 ^a	1.06 ± 1.01 ^{a, b}	0.42 ± 0.13 ^a	0.009
17.42	(Z)-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol	1163	1149	nd ^a	0.09 ± 0.03 ^c	0.08 ± 0.06 ^c	0.09 ± 0.03 ^c	0.04 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}	nd ^a	0.06 ± 0.01 ^{b, c}	0.000
18.48	4-Terpineol	1213	1185	1.71 ± 0.80 ^b	0.47 ± 0.27 ^a	0.55 ± 0.41 ^a	0.79 ± 0.32 ^a	0.25 ± 0.32 ^a	0.74 ± 0.68 ^a	0.28 ± 0.12 ^a	0.000
18.56	beta-Phenyl-alcohol	1216	-	nd ^a	0.09 ± 0.05 ^b	nd ^a	0.27 ± 0.36 ^{b, c}	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.001
18.74	alpha-Terpineol	1224	1191	0.82 ± 0.77 ^b	nd ^a	0.16 ± 0.11	nd ^a	0.07 ± 0.06 ^b	0.37 ± 0.49 ^{a, b}	nd ^a	0.000
18.88	dihydro-Carvone	1230	-	nd ^a	0.07 ± 0.03 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
19.05	(E)-p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol	1237	1243	0.08 ± 0.08 ^b	nd ^a	0.06 ± 0.03 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
19.95	delta-Carvone	1275	1243	0.14 ± 0.06 ^{a, b}	0.37 ± 0.20 ^c	0.27 ± 0.15 ^{a, b, c}	0.31 ± 0.14 ^{b, c}	0.09 ± 0.09 ^a	0.22 ± 0.12 ^{a, b, c}	0.22 ± 0.06 ^{a, b, c}	0.001
20.92	Perillaldehyde	1313	1309	0.09 ± 0.05 ^{a, b}	0.07 ± 0.04 ^{a, b}	0.19 ± 0.30 ^b	0.08 ± 0.04 ^{a, b}	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.03 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}	0.031
23.89	alpha-Copaene	1416	1390	0.08 ± 0.05 ^{b, c}	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.13 ± 0.11 ^c	nd ^a	0.04 ± 0.02 ^b	0.02 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}	0.000
24.09	beta-Elemene	1423	1445	0.10 ± 0.06 ^b	0.07 ± 0.08 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.04 ^b	nd ^a	0.000
25.41	Caryophyllene	1468	1451	0.08 ± 0.03 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.03 ^b	nd ^a	0.000
27.19	β-Selinene	1530	1490	0.20 ± 0.07 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.04 ± 0.03 ^b	0.11 ± 0.08 ^b	nd ^a	0.000
27.20	γ-Selinene	1533	-	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.07 ± 0.05 ^b	0.000
27.41	Valencene	1538	1493	2.49 ± 0.85 ^c	2.08 ± 0.98 ^c	0.55 ± 0.37 ^{a, b}	1.78 ± 1.39 ^{b, c}	0.39 ± 0.40 ^a	1.36 ± 1.00 ^{a, b, c}	1.36 ± 0.57 ^{a, b, c}	0.000
27.55	α-Selinene	1543	1505	0.17 ± 0.06 ^b	0.13 ± 0.06 ^{a, b}	0.05 ± 0.03 ^a	0.13 ± 0.11 ^{a, b}	0.03 ± 0.03 ^a	0.09 ± 0.07 ^{a, b}	0.07 ± 0.04 ^a	0.001
27.70	Ledene	1548	1511	0.04 ± 0.03 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
27.84	delta-Cadinene	1553	1536	0.06 ± 0.04 ^b	nd ^a	0.09 ± 0.10 ^c	0.10 ± 0.09 ^c	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.03 ± 0.02 ^b	0.000
28.29	α-Panasinsene	1569	1577	0.16 ± 0.06 ^c	0.12 ± 0.06 ^{b, c}	0.04 ± 0.02 ^a	0.13 ± 0.12 ^{b, c}	0.03 ± 0.02 ^a	0.09 ± 0.07 ^{a, b}	0.07 ± 0.04 ^{a, b}	0.001
	Total			25.10 ± 4.21	14.76 ± 3.52	15.53 ± 5.61	16.00 ± 2.56	6.44 ± 2.04	17.63 ± 44.69	16.75 ± 5.05
	Hydrocarbons
8.16	Heptane	700	700	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.09 ± 0.04 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
16.46	(E) 4,8-dimethyl -1,3,7-nonatriene	1116	1118	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.05 ± 0.03 ^b	nd ^a	nd ^a	nd ^a	0.000
	Sum of volatiles			28.70 ± 4.35	17.63 ± 3.59	16.98 ± 5.63	18.22 ± 2.60	7.76 ± 2.10	19.65 ± 4.79	18.35 ± 2.59

RT: retention time. RI_exp: experimental retention indices values based on the calculations using the standard mixture of alkanes. RI_lit: Retention indices of the identified compounds according to the literature data cited in Wiley 7 NIST MS library. nd: not determined. ^{a, b, c} Different letters in each row indicate statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences.