Table 1.
Examples of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.
| Biomaterial | Classification | Features | Structure/Processing | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collagen | Natural polymers | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, ECM component, Osteoconductivity. | Gels, membranes and films, fibers/tubes, sponges and scaffolds, powder/particles. | [88,89,90,93] |
| Hyaluronic acid | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, ECM component, Promoted osteogenesis and mineralization. | Porous scaffolds phase separation, freeze drying, salt leaching, electrospinning, 3D printing. | [5,9,93] | |
| Silk Fibroin | Biocompatibility, Controlled biodegradability, Thermal stability, Supported bone formation. | Films, mats, hydrogels, sponges, electrospun structures, freeze dried scaffolds. | [2,14,21,91,92,93] | |
| Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) | Synthetic polymers | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, Suitable mechanical properties. | Freeze drying, electrospinning, gas foaming, solvent casting, additive manufacturing. | [56,57,58,59,60,61,93] |
| Poly(lactic-coglycolicacid) (PLGA) | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, Bone regeneration activity, Ease of processing. | Electrospun scaffolds, 3D printed scaffolds, microspheres/nanoparticles, hydrogels, multiphasic scaffolds. | [56,66,67,68,69,93] | |
| Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, Suitable mechanical strength, Improved cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation. | Molding technologies (extrusion, injection and spinning), nonwoven fibers produced by melt−spinning. | [62,63,64,65,93] | |
| Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) | Biocompatibility, Long degradation time, Ease of availability, Supported cell growth. | Additive manufacturing; membranes, 3D printing technologies. | [62,63,64,65,70,71,72,73,74,93,94] | |
| Hydroxyapatite | Bioceramics | Bone component, Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Osteoconductivity. | Gel casting, slip casting, fiber compacting, freeze casting, gas foaming, additive manufacturing. | [47,49,50,51,52,53,93] |
| Bioactive glasses | Biocompatibility, Osteoconductivity, Osteoinductivity, Vascular induction. | Solvent casting, particulate leaching, freeze drying, foaming methods, thermal consolidation of particles additive manufacturing. | [36,93,95,96] |