Fig. 3.

Small intestinal microbiota in children suffering from stunted growth. (A) Cytokines with a significantly different relative abundance between duodenal samples from children suffering from SIBO compared with children not suffering from SIBO in a logistic regression correcting for analysis batch, country of origin, and the presence or absence of anemia and using the Benjamini–Hochberg correction. (B) Average phylum relative abundance in Bangui, CAR and Antananarivo, Madagascar. (C) Core species at 0.01% relative abundance and a minimal prevalence of 75% in Antananarivo, Madagascar (green) or Bangui, Central African Republic (blue) or conserved in between both study countries (black). (D) Heat map of the Spearman correlation of duodenal samples co-occurrence/co-exclusion including all species with a relative abundance of at least 0.1%. Co-occurrence is indicated in red, and co-exclusion is in blue. Significant associations are indicated with a plus sign. (E) Heat map of co-occurrence and co-exclusion of different classes in the small intestine as measured by Spearman correlation on the relative abundance of given bacterial classes. Only classes with at least 0.1% relative abundance were kept in the analysis. A plus indicates a significant interaction (P < 0.05). Positive associations are indicated in red, and negative associations are in blue. Co-occurrences in Malagasy samples are indicated in the Left pannel and co-occurrences in Central African samples are indicated in the Right pannel. ns, P > 0.05. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001