Table 1.
Authors | Journal and Year | Methods | Endpoint | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Slominski et al. [27] | J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2013 | Human dermal fibroblasts from SSc and healthy controls in vitro; murine models of bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis | Test the potential antifibrogenic activity of vit D analog | The noncalcemic analogs of vit D, 20(OH)D3, and 20,23(OH)2D3 inhibited TGF- 1-induced collagen and hyaluronan synthesis similarly to 1,25(OH)2D3 in cultured human fibroblasts 20(OH)D3 suppressed fibrogenesis in bleomycin-model mice as demonstrated by skin biopsies |
Usategui et al. [28] | Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2014 | Bleomycin-induced fibrosis mouse model of scleroderma | Prove the potential of topical vit D to treat skin fibrosis | In topical calcipotriol-treated mice, the dermal collagen area and the dermal thickness were significantly reduced. |
Zerr et al. [29] | Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2015 | Fibroblasts from SSc patients and healthy controls; induced bleomycin skin fibrosis in VDR k/o mice | Role of VDR signaling in SSc fibrosis | VDR expression (mRNA and protein) is reduced in SSc fibroblasts and the murine model of skin fibrosis in a TGF . Vit D analog paricalcitol, through VDR signaling, inhibited TGF- ameliorated experimental fibrosis |
Terao et al. [30] | Dermatoendocrinology, 2015 | Normal human fibroblasts cultures; fibroblasts from a bleomycin-induced scleroderma mouse model | Effect of vit D analog on Th2 cytokine-induced periostin production by fibroblasts | Vit D analog maxacalcitol decreased the density of collagen bundles and periostin expression in the murine model; moreover, it decreased the expression of periostin in dermal fibroblasts, and the Th2 cytokine and TGFbeta-induced expression of periostin and Col1A1. |
Di Liberto et al. [31] | Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 2019 | Treg isolated from blood and sera samples of SSc and controls | Effect of vit D supplementation on Treg in SSc patients | Tregs from SSc patients taking vit D increased in percentages; Tregs obtained from SSc patients failed to suppress T cell proliferation even after stimulation with vit D. However, vit D induced the production of IL-10 |
Janjetovic et al. [32] | Endocrinology, 2021 | Bleomycin-Mouse model and murine fibroblasts | Effect of 20(OH)D3 on fibroblasts and role of ROR | 20(OH)D3 inhibited proliferation of ROR+/+ fibroblasts and TGbeta-induced collagen synthesis. |
Ge et al. [33] | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2022 | VDR knockout mice; HOCl-induced mice model of scleroderma | Explore the mechanism of VDR in SSc | VDR deficiency in keratinocytes promoted fibrosis; ablation of VDR in epidermidis upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and aggravated fibrosis. |
Brown Lobbins et al. [34] | Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022 | Skin biopsy from a bleomycin-induced scleroderma mouse model | Vit D-analog capacity of suppression the fibrosis in a murine model | 17,20S(OH)2pD suppressed total collagen content, prevented the development of increased dermal thickness in a murine model, and suppressed TGF- collagene synthesis in the murine model |
Brown Lobbins et al. [35] | Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022 | Dermal cultured fibroblasts from SSc patients and controls | Vit D-analog capacity of suppression of collagen production by fibroblasts | 17,20S(OH)2pD increased MMP-1 in dermal fibroblasts and decreased TIMP-1 protein synthesis and modulated mediators of fibrosis in vitro. |