Table 7.
Descriptive statistics of the main chemical compounds in Thymus pulegioides essential oils in different sub-districts of Lithuania. * denote statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences, ** denote statistically significant differences between habitats of Aukštaitija and the Nemunas Lowland climatic sub-districts by amount of nerol.
| Lithuania Climatic Sub-District | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Compound | Aukštaitija | Dzūkija | Mūša-Nevėžis | Nemunas Lowland | Venta | Sudūva | Žemaičiai | |
| Carvacrol | Mean ± SD, % | 14.02 ± 6.01 * | 19.78 ± 11.31 | 15.17 ± 7.98 | 19.32 ± 10.39 | 21.84 ± 14.52 | 27.73 ± 9.55 * | 20.92 ± 7.94 |
| Min–max, % | 4.79–29.30 | 5.30–48.00 | 0.00–32.26 | 0.00–40.36 | 11.02–43.95 | 17.37–39.95 | 10.94–43.27 | |
| CV, % | 43 | 57 | 53 | 54 | 66 | 34 | 38 | |
| Thymol | Mean± SD, % | 4.74 ± 3.45 * | 1.25 ± 1.69 | 3.70 ± 6.12 | 0.64 ± 1.39 * | 0.37 ± 0.45 | 0.43 ± 0.67 | 4.52 ± 3.94 |
| Min–max, % | 0.20–10.94 | 0.00–5.77 | 0.00–27.86 | 0.00–5.73 | 0.00–1.10 | 0.00–1.22 | 0.08–11.64 | |
| CV, % | 73 | 135 | 165 | 217 | 122 | 156 | 87 | |
| p-Cymene | Mean ± SD, % | 17.12 ± 7.81 * | 10.67 ± 6.97 | 12.12 ± 9.58 * | 10.10 ± 8.18 | 0.99 ± 0.41 * | 9.68 ± 1.23 | 11.59 ± 4.43 |
| Min–max, % | 3.29–29.93 | 1.00–28.87 | 0.39–38.49 | 0.14–22.60 | 0.57–1.53 | 8.32–11.15 | 5.07–21.35 | |
| CV, % | 46 | 65 | 79 | 81 | 41 | 13 | 38 | |
| γ-Terpinene | Mean ± SD, % | 12.97 ± 4.45 * | 16.78 ± 9.46 | 15.53 ± 9.80 * | 18.93 ± 7.74 | 10.75 ± 5.40 * | 20.08 ± 2.96 | 23.92 ± 7.83 * |
| Min–max, % | 2.67–21.87 | 1.69–29.67 | 0.00–40.10 | 0.48–27.61 | 4.78–17.53 | 17.89–24.29 | 9.76–42.60 | |
| CV, % | 34 | 56 | 63 | 41 | 50 | 12 | 33 | |
| Carvacrol methyl ether | Mean ± SD, % | 4.08 ± 1.65 | 3.33 ± 2.36 | 3.92 ± 2.29 | 3.47 ± 2.17 | 2.56 ± 2.07 | 4.19 ± 1.30 | 5.83 ± 2.02 |
| Min–max, % | 1.00–6.04 | 0.00–8.56 | 0.12–9.26 | 0.00–7.99 | 0.00–5.70 | 2.60–5.73 | 1.18–9.17 | |
| CV, % | 40 | 71 | 58 | 63 | 81 | 31 | 35 | |
| Thymol methyl ether |
Mean ± SD, % | 1.63 ± 1.34 | 0.41 ± 0.52 | 0.66 ± 1.03 | 0.46 ± 0.53 | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.48 ± 0.60 | 1.21 ± 1.29 |
| Min–max, % | 0.12–4.92 | 0.00–2.05 | 0.00–5.66 | 0.00–2.21 | 0.00–0.23 | 0.08–1.37 | 0.00–4.14 | |
| CV, % | 82 | 127 | 156 | 115 | 56 | 125 | 106 | |
| Gėraniol | Mean ± SD, % | 6.93 ± 6.20 | 8.33 ± 10.10 | 8.43 ± 10.12 | 3.95 ± 5.57 | 15.91 ± 15.63 * | 3.68 ± 6.68 | 1.48 ± 2.52 * |
| Min–max, % | 0.60–24.72 | 0.09–39.87 | 0.00–34.74 | 0.00–18.82 | 0.00–36.32 | 0.00–13.67 | 0.00–7.54 | |
| CV, % | 112 | 120 | 120 | 141 | 98 | 182 | 142 | |
| Geranialis | Mean ± SD, % | 1.39 ± 1.26 | 1.68 ± 1.87 | 1.37 ± 1.63 * | 0.52 ± 0.68 | 1.93 ± 1.88 | 0.51 ± 0.93 | 0.41 ± 0.65 * |
| Min–max, % | 0.10–4.71 | 0.00–5.03 | 0.00–6.57 | 0.00–2.15 | 0.00–4.28 | 0.00–1.89 | 0.00–1.88 | |
| CV, % | 91 | 111 | 119 | 131 | 97 | 182 | 159 | |
| Nerol | Mean ± SD, % | 5.75 ± 5.27 *,** | 5.73 ± 7.18 * | 4.02 ± 4.66 | 1.50 ± 2.25 ** | 5.19 ± 5.24 * | 1.28 ± 2.23 | 1.09 ± 1.63 |
| Min–max, % | 0.51–17.17 | 0.00–20.57 | 0.00–16.71 | 0.00–8.78 | 0.00–12.40 | 0.00–4.78 | 0.00–5.39 | |
| CV, % | 92 | 125 | 116 | 150 | 101 | 182 | 150 | |
| Neral | Mean ± SD | 4.35 ± 4.11 | 4.32 ± 5.53 | 3.97 ± 6.21 * | 1.15 ± 1.74 | 4.10 ± 4.18 | 1.00 ± 1.89 | 0.75 ± 1.27 * |
| Min–max | 0.09–13.37 | 0.00–15.46 | 0.00–34.92 | 0.00–6.61 | 0.00–9.87 | 0.00–3.84 | 0.00–3.95 | |
| CV, % | 94 | 128 | 156 | 151 | 102 | 189 | 169 | |
| Linalool | Mean ± SD | 0.99 ± 3.13 | 0.74 ± 1.37 | 2.45 ± 8.14 | 4.35 ± 12.93 | 0.41 ± 0.40 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.15 |
| Min–max | 0.00–14.25 | 0.17–6.46 | 0.16–40.37 | 0.10–57.75 | 0.00–1.08 | 0.25–0.49 | 0.00–0.50 | |
| CV, % | 316 | 185 | 332 | 297 | 98 | 28 | 52 | |
| α-Terpinyl acetate | Mean ± SD, % | 0.48 ± 0.45 | 0.56 ± 1.18 | 2.20 ± 6.84 | 2.90 ± 12.26 | 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.004 ± 0.01 |
| Min–max, % | 0.19–2.34 | 0.00–4.33 | 0.00–43.56 | 0.10–57.50 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.04 | 0.00–0.05 | |
| CV, % | 94 | 211 | 311 | 423 | 0.00 | 200 | 250 | |
| Myrcene | Mean ± SD, % | 1.44 ± 0.42 | 1.70 ± 0.88 | 1.29 ± 0.52 | 1.38 ± 0.47 | 0.95 ± 0.48 | 1.41 ± 0.19 | 1.52 ± 0.35 |
| Min–max, % | 0.93–2.74 | 0.62–4.19 | 0.00–2.33 | 0.54–2.44 | 0.39–2.68 | 1.14–1.60 | 0.73–1.96 | |
| CV, % | 29 | 52 | 40 | 34 | 51 | 13 | 23 | |
| β-Caryophyllene | Mean ± SD | 4.99 ± 1.23 | 4.88 ± 1.00 | 5.47 ± 1.80 | 5.70 ± 2.10 | 6.02 ± 1.46 | 6.00 ± 1.39 | 6.48 ± 2.82 |
| Min–max | 2.58–6.94 | 2.83–648 | 2.22–9.42 | 0.69–12.10 | 4.08–7.67 | 4.64–7.34 | 2.45–13.66 | |
| CV, % | 25 | 20 | 33 | 37 | 51 | 23 | 44 | |
| β-Bisabolene | Mean ± SD | 3.05 ± 1.20 | 2.98 ± 0.96 | 2.73 ± 1.11 * | 2.72 ± 0.80 | 2.97 ± 0.89 | 3.81 ± 1.26 | 3.76 ± 1.43 * |
| Min–max | 1.57–5.63 | 1.57–4.78 | 0.00–5.27 | 1.23–4.77 | 1.97–4.24 | 2.50–5.08 | 1.60–6.60 | |
| CV, % | 39 | 32 | 42 | 31 | 30 | 33 | 38 | |
| Caryophyllene oxide | Mean ± SD, % | 1.73 ± 0.45 * | 1.34 ± 1.15 | 1.19 ± 0.67 * | 0.84 ± 0.39 * | 2.97 ± 0.89 | 0.68 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.47 * |
| Min–max, % | 0.68–2.74 | 0.44–5.01 | 0.00–3.45 | 0.25–1.72 | 1.97–4.24 | 0.50–0.97 | 0.00–1.72 | |
| CV, % | 26 | 86 | 56 | 46 | 75 | 29 | 38 | |
| α-Terpinene | Mean ± SD, % | 1.33 ± 0.52 * | 1.50 ± 0.85 * | 1.47 ± 0.81 * | 1.89 ± 0.91 | 0.99 ± 0.41 * | 1.76 ± 0.27 | 2.39 ± 0.95 * |
| Min–max, % | 0.23–2.59 | 0.00–2.48 | 0.00–2.95 | 0.04–3.86 | 0.57–1.56 | 1.60–2.16 | 1.16–4.85 | |
| CV, % | 39 | 57 | 55 | 48 | 41 | 29 | 40 | |
| Borneol | Mean ± SD | 0.58 ± 0.33 | 0.66 ± 0.98 | 0.47 ± 0.34 | 0.39 ± 0.32 | 0.46 ± 0.29 | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.69 ± 0.53 |
| Min–max | 0.00–1.20 | 0.00–4.65 | 0.00–2.95 | 0.04–1.21 | 0.00–0.79 | 0.46–1.04 | 0.00–2.19 | |
| CV, % | 57 | 148 | 72 | 82 | 63 | 42 | 77 | |
| Cis-β-Guaiene | Mean ± SD | 1.14 ± 0.38 * | 1.52 ± 0.61 | 1.54 ± 0.74 * | 2.21 ± 1.43 * | 1.88 ± 0.86 | 2.00 ± 0.57 | 1.78 ± 0.81 |
| Min–max | 0.52–1.98 | 0.68–2.96 | 0.00–3.18 | 0.59–7.14 | 0.67–286 | 1.45–2.54 | 0.00–3.06 | |
| CV, % | 33 | 40 | 48 | 65 | 46 | 29 | 46 | |