Table 2.
Characteristics of all study participants of the 1946–51 aged cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health at Survey 7 (in 2013). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation or counts and (percentages) unless otherwise specified.
| Vegan (n = 8) |
Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian (n = 48) |
Pesco-Vegetarian (n = 74) |
Semi-Vegetarian (n = 45) |
Regular Meat Eater (n = 8927) |
Total (n = 9102) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | n 2 | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | p 1 | |
| Age (years) | 64.4 | 1.8 | 64.1 | 1.5 | 64.3 | 1.5 | 64.6 | 1.5 | 64.3 | 1.5 | 64.3 | 1.5 | 0.78 | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 162.4 | 6.7 | 162.7 | 5.4 | 162.8 | 7.1 | 162.9 | 6.7 | 162.9 | 6.6 | 8916 | 162.9 | 6.6 | 9091 | 1.00 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 63.7 | 9.7 | 66.4 | 15.3 | 47 | 63.7 | 13.4 | 72 | 71.0 | 13.4 | 43 | 73.8 | 15.6 | 8629 | 73.7 | 15.6 | 8799 | <0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 79.9 | 12.6 | 7 | 87.3 | 13.7 | 45 | 83.0 | 11.8 | 68 | 89.0 | 13.2 | 38 | 91.4 | 13.7 | 7980 | 91.3 | 13.7 | 8138 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 | 3.1 | 25.0 | 5.0 | 47 | 24.0 | 4.5 | 72 | 26.8 | 5.3 | 43 | 27.8 | 5.7 | 8620 | 27.8 | 5.7 | 8790 | <0.001 | |
| Overweight or obese 3 | 2 (25.0) | 21 (44.7) | 25 (34.7) | 27 (62.8) | 5536 (64.2) | 5611 (63.8) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| IGT 4 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.17) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 275 (3.1) | 277 (3.0) | |||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 0 (0.0) | 5 (10.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (13.3) | 800 (9.1) | 811 (9.0) | |||||||||||||
| Residence | <0.008 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Major cities | 5 (62.5) | 23 (47.9) | 35 (47.3) | 19 (43.2) | 3408 (38.3) | 3490 (38.5) | |||||||||||||
| Inner regional | 3 (37.5) | 23 (47.9) | 30 (40.5) | 12 (27.3) | 3541 (39.8) | 3609 (39.8) | |||||||||||||
| Outer regional | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 8 (10.8) | 11 (25.0) | 1697 (19.1) | 1717 (18.9) | |||||||||||||
| Remote | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.4) | 2(4.6) | 254 (2.9) | 258 (2.8) | |||||||||||||
| Employment | 0.096 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Retired/never worked | 4 (57.1) | 21 (43.8) | 37 (50.0) | 29 (65.9) | 5158 (58.8) | 5249 (58.7) | |||||||||||||
| Not retired | 3 (42.9) | 27 (56.3) | 37 (50.0) | 15 (34.1) | 3608 (41.2) | 3690 (41.3) | |||||||||||||
| Smoking Status | 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Not at all | 8 (100.0) | 46 (97.9) | 69 (94.5) | 40 (88.9) | 8271 (93.2) | 8434 (93.2) | |||||||||||||
| < weekly | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.2) | 43 (0.5) | 46 (0.5) | |||||||||||||
| Weekly | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (0.4) | 37 (0.4) | |||||||||||||
| Daily | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.1) | 4 (8.9) | 522 (5.9) | 529 (5.8) | |||||||||||||
| Alcohol Intake | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Never | 5 (62.5) | 14 (29.8) | 22 (29.7) | 22 (53.7) | 1411 (16.3) | 1474 (16.7) | |||||||||||||
| 1–4/day | 3 (37.5) | 33 (70.2) | 52 (70.3) | 19 (46.3) | 7156 (82.7) | 7263 (82.3) | |||||||||||||
| ˃5/day | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 86 (1.0) | 86 (1.0) | |||||||||||||
| Supplement Intake 5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Fish Oils | 1 (14.3) | 11 (23.9) | 42 (57.5) | 13 (29.5) | 4162 (47.2) | 4229 (47.1) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Vitamin D | 1 (12.5) | 18 (39.1) | 33 (45.2) | 13 (30.2) | 3074 (34.7) | 3139 (35.0) | 0.22 | ||||||||||||
| CoQ10 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (13.3) | 9 (12.3) | 5 (11.4) | 443 (5.1) | 464 (5.2) | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| HRT | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.2) | 10 (13.5) | 2 (4.4) | 832 (9.3) | 846 (9.3) | 0.36 | ||||||||||||
| Physical Activity (mins per week 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| M | IQR | n | M | IQR | n | M | IQR | n | M | IQR | n | M | IQR | n | M | IQR | n | ||
| Sedentary | 100 | (30,240) | 165 | (45,390) | 180 | (90,300) | 73 | 75 | (0,240) | 42 | 120 | (30,300) | 8675 | 120 | (30,300) | 8846 | 0.062 | ||
| Low | 15 | (0,150) | 30 | (0,130) | 0 | (0,90) | 73 | 0 | (0,30) | 42 | 0 | (0,120) | 8735 | 0 | (0,120) | 8906 | 0.19 | ||
| Moderate | 0 | (0,15) | 0 | (0,45) | 0 | (0,60) | 73 | 0 | (0,0) | 41 | 0 | (0,0) | 8763 | 0 | (0,0) | 8933 | 0.072 | ||
| High | 150 | (0,240) | 125 | (30,300) | 120 | (0,300) | 73 | 60 | (0,125) | 41 | 150 | (0,300) | 8659 | 150 | (0,300) | 8829 | 0.042 | ||
SD, standard deviation; WC, waist circumference; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; HRT, Hormone replacement therapy; IQR, interquartile range; M, median. 1 p–values represent the level of significance for difference across groups and were obtained for normally distributed continuous data using ANOVA. Skewed continuous data were compared using Kruskal–Wallis and categorical data were compared using Fisher’s Exact test. 2 For measures with missing data that are not already presented as counts and percentages, the number of participants has been provided. 3 Overweight and obese categories are defined by the WHO recommendations for adults; overweight BMI ˃25 kg/m2 and <30 kg/m2 and obese ≥30 kg/m2. 4 IGT and diabetes status were self-reported as being diagnosed and/or requiring treatment in the past 3 years. 5 Dietary supplement use in the past 4 weeks. 6 Physical activity is presented as median (M) and interquartile range (IQR) for the minutes of activity undertaken in the last week n represents the number of individuals with available data when groups had data missing.