Figure 1.

Modification of a SPE: (a) a schematic diagram showing GOD-AuNPs-SWCNTs-chitosan layer on the carbon working electrode surface (not to scale); (b) cyclic voltammograms of different modified electrodes; a bare commercial SPE (CV 1b), GOD-coated SPE (CV 2b), the mixing of GOD–SWCNTs-coated SPE (CV 3b), and the mixing of GOD–SWCNTs–AuNPs-coated SPE (CV 4b) in PBS; (c) cyclic voltammograms of GOD–SWCNTs–AuNPs-modified electrodes in DMEM in the presence of 10 mM glucose (CV 2c) and in the absence of glucose (CV 1c). Scan rate at 50 mV s⁻¹.