Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the overall population, according to the presence or absence of myocardial injury during index hospitalization for COVID-19.
| Characteristics | Overall Population (n = 701) |
Patients with Myocardial Injury (n = 75) |
Patients without Myocardial Injury (n = 626) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age [mean ± SD] | 66.4 ± 14.4 | 73.5 ± 14.6 | 65.5 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
| Female sex [n, (%)] | 282 (40.2) | 28 (37.3) | 252 (40.6) | 0.588 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) [n, (%)] | 54 (7.7) | 14 (18.7) | 40 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| History of cancer [n, (%)] | 106 (15.1) | 13 (17.3) | 93 (14.9) | 0.571 |
| T2DM [n, (%)] | 122 (17.4) | 20 (26.7) | 102 (16.3) | 0.025 |
| Hypertension [n, (%)] | 339 (48.4) | 50 (66.7) | 289 (46.2) | 0.001 |
| History of HF [n, (%)] | 43 (6.1) | 13 (17.3) | 30 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| COPD [n, (%)] | 87 (12.4) | 14 (18.7) | 73 (11.7) | 0.082 |
| Asthma [n, (%)] | 29 (4.1) | 4 (5.3) | 25 (4.0) | 0.539 |
| Paroxysmal/persistent AF [n, (%)] | 63 (9.0) | 14 (18.7) | 49 (7.8) | 0.002 |
| History of CAD [n, (%)] | 91 (13.0) | 15 (20.0) | 76 (12.1) | 0.056 |
| DBP at admission (mmHg) [mean ± SD] | 79.3 ± 12.0 | 77.0 ± 13.9 | 79.5 ± 11.8 | 0.134 |
| SBP at admission (mmHg) [mean ± SD] | 133.0 ± 20.9 | 131.6 ± 23.4 | 133.2 ± 20.6 | 0.626 |
| Length of index hospitalization (days) [mean ± SD] | 16.2 ± 14.0 | 23.8 ± 22.0 | 15.3 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Need for mechanic ventilation [n, (%)] | 60 (8.6) | 15 (20.0) | 45 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Need for ICU admission [n, (%)] | 125 (17.8) | 32 (42.7) | 93 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Vaccinated (≥2 doses *) against COVID-19 [n, (%)] | 241 (34.4) | 32 (42.7) | 209 (33.4) | 0.110 |
| Total COVID-19 vaccine doses administered [n, (%)] | 0.070 | |||
| Not vaccinated [n, (%)] | 413 (58.9) | 35 (46.7) | 378 (60.4) | |
| 1 dose [n, (%)] | 47 (6.7) | 8 (10.7) | 39 (6.2) | |
| 2 doses* [n, (%)] | 190 (27.1) | 23 (30.7) | 167 (26.7) | |
| 3 doses [n, (%)] | 51 (7.3) | 9 (12.0) | 42 (6.7) | |
| Type of COVID-19 vaccine [n, (%)] | 0.116 | |||
| Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty [n, (%)] | 165 (23.5) | 6 (8.0) | 28 (4.5) | |
| Vaxzevria/AstraZeneca [n, (%)] | 26 (3.7) | 1 (1.3) | 25 (4.0) | |
| Spikevax/Moderna [n, (%)] | 11 (1.6) | 3 (4.0) | 8 (1.3) | |
| Jcovden/Janssen [n, (%)] | 5 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.8) | |
| Missing data [n, (%)] | 34 (4.9) | 6 (8.0) | 28 (4.5) | |
| Time from last dose of vaccine to troponin assessment (days) [mean ± SD] | 127.0 ± 84.0 | 122.8 ± 76.1 | 127.6 ± 85.1 | 0.772 |
| Time from last dose of vaccine to positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 (days) [mean ± SD] | 125.3 ± 83.9 | 121.2 ± 76.2 | 125.8 ± 85.0 | 0.782 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hb (g/dL) [mean ± SD] | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 2.2 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| WBC (×109/L) [mean ± SD] | 8.0 ± 6.4 | 9.9 ± 5.7 | 7.8 ± 6.4 | 0.006 |
| Serum creatinine on admission (mg/dL) [mean ± SD] | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 0.068 |
| Total protein (g/L) [mean ± SD] | 66.1 ± 6.3 | 64.3 ± 7.0 | 66.4 ± 6.2 | 0.017 |
| Antithrombin (%) [mean ± SD] | 100.9 ± 17.1 | 91.0 ± 14.7 | 102.0 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
| hs-cTnI at admission (ng/L) [mean ± SD] | 290.7 ± 4028.3 | 2606.1 ± 12,141.6 | 13.3 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| LDH (UI/L) [mean ± SD] | 391.8 ± 302.6 | 441.3 ± 686.6 | 386.0 ± 216.9 | 0.137 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) [mean ± SD] | 2009.6 ± 4321.8 | 3869.7 ± 5686.6 | 1794.5 ± 4086.7 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) [mean ± SD] | 505.5 ± 156.9 | 494.2 ± 178.3 | 506.8 ± 154.2 | 0.560 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) [mean ± SD] | 1902.5 ± 5635.2 | 7612.3 ± 11,908.9 | 1212.6 ± 3775.8 | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) [mean ± SD] | 71.0 ± 62.8 | 86.3 ± 72.0 | 69.1 ± 61.4 | 0.025 |
| PCT (ng/mL) [mean ± SD] | 0.7 ± 4.1 | 2.6 ± 10.1 | 0.4 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (ng/L) [mean ± SD] | 51.7 ± 212.3 | 82.4 ± 194.1 | 48.5 ± 214.0 | 0.235 |
Legend to table: COVID-19—Coronavirus Disease-2019; SD—standard deviation; CKD— chronic kidney disease; eGFR—estimated glomerular filtration rate; T2DM—type 2 diabetes mellitus; HF—heart failure; COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AF—atrial fibrillation; CAD—coronary artery disease; DBP—diastolic blood pressure; SBP—systolic blood pressure; ICU—intensive care unit; COVID-19— Coronavirus Disease 2019; PCR—polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Hb—hemoglobin; WBC—white blood count; hs-cTnI—high sensitivity cardiac troponin I; LDH—lactate dehydrogenase; NT-proBNP—N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; CRP—C-reactive protein; PCT—procalcitonin; IL-6—interleukin-6. * or equivalent (e.g., Jcovden/Janssen vaccine, see text for more details).