Table 3.

Applications of sesame in various areas.

Application	Main Findings	References
Baking Additives	Nutritional quality of the muffins was improved with addition of sesame protein isolate. Muffins with 15% sesame protein isolate are considered by professionals to have the best taste.	[32,62]
Combined with vegetable oils	Combined with other vegetable oils, sesame oil can provide balanced nutrition, anti-oxidation, and stable physicochemical properties.	[63,64]
Ghee for Baking	Chemical transesterification of sesame oil can be used to improve physical properties including SFC and melting point. The SMP and SFC decreased after interesterification. A mixture of sesame oil and palm stearin can produce trans-fat-free baking ghee.	[65]
Healthy food	The phenolic ingredients, quality characteristics, and potential beneficial properties of sesame seed oil make sesame useful in health care.	[66,67]
Antioxidants	The extract of the sesame skin in sunflower oil can enhance the oxidative stability of sunflower oil.	[67]
Massage oil	As an adjuvant treatment with sesame oil, it can effectively reduce the severity of vermic inflammation caused by chemotherapy.	[68,69,70]
Drug oil vector	Sumi is a good drug carrier that contributes to drugs through the skin barrier.	[24,50]
Feed	With the fermented sesame meal, the soybean meal in the meat improved the nutritional value of broilers, thereby increasing the production performance of broilers, which can be used as a protein source in broilers.	[71,72,73]
Fertilizer	Fermented sesame seeds are used as tobacco fertilizers, which can improve tobacco output value, enabling the quality of tobacco leaves; increase the number of bacterial, amplifier bacteria and fungi in soil; and improve the organic matter content of the soil.	[74]
Fuel	Sesame biodiesel and mixtures thereof are used to fuel engines, and in terms of fuel consumption, efficiency, and power output, they seem to have the same performance compared to mineral diesel.	[75,76]
Pesticide	Sesquiterpene has both fungicide and insecticide properties and can be used as a synergist for pyrethroid insecticides.	[77,78]
Cosmetics	The myristic acid in sesame seeds is often used as an ingredient in cosmetics.	[24,79]
Environmental Protection	Activated carbon was prepared from sesame oil cake, which was effective in the removal of hexavalent chromium from chromium plating wastewater.	[80]
Genetic modification	Diacylglycerol acyltransferase isolated from sesame was introduced into the soybean variety Dongnong 47, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to produce a soybean high-oil transgenic line more suitable for breeding.	[81]
Stabilizer for emulsions	As the amount of defatted sesame powder increases, it results in a smaller droplet size and higher stability of the emulsion against agglomeration or emulsification.	[82]