Table 1.

Some selected examples of biowaste-derived CDs with their fascinating biomedical potential.

Sources	Synthesis Methods	Biomedical Potentials	Size (nm)	Refs.
Citrus limetta waste pulp	Pyrolysis method	Fe(III) ions sensing, bactericidal performance, and bioimaging	4–7	[37]
Jackfruit peel and tamarind peel precursors	Hydrothermal synthesis	Anticancer and antitumor activity	6.4	[38]
Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi) peels	Hydrothermal-carbonization method	Cell labeling agents for mesenchymal stem cells and breast/thyroid cancerous cells; in vitro imaging	5	[39]
Sugarcane bagasse char	Hydrothermal synthesis	Drug delivery of acetaminophen	7.5	[35]
Sugarcane baggage	Hydrothermal synthesis	Bio-imaging/bio-labeling applications	2–8	[40]
Waste tea leaves; peanut shells	Hydrothermal synthesis	Biosensing; biomarkers	<10	[41]
Crab shells	Sonochemical technique	Cell imaging; theranostic applications	<10	[30]
Silkworm cocoon	Pyrolysis method	Anti- inflammatory potentials	2.26–9.35	[42]
Expired passion fruit shells	Hydrothermal synthesis	Imaging; fluorescent probe	<5	[43]
Allium sativum peel	Oxidative pyrolysis technique	Biosensing/cell labeling; biomarker detection (in vitro)	<10	[44]