. 2022 Oct 5;14(19):4132. doi: 10.3390/nu14194132

Table 3.

Adequacies to the European Food Safe Authority (EFSA) recommendations (AR and AI) for antioxidants minerals and vitamins by subpopulation and age group (n = 1448).

Reference Group (REF)
	1 to <3 Years n = 162			3 to <6 Years n = 244			6 to <10 Years n = 301
	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	p
Zinc	14.8	72.2	13.0	1.2	82.0	16.8	14.6	81.7	3.7	<0.001
Selenium	5.6	80.9 ^a	13.6	0	79.1 ^a	20.9	0.3	97.0 ^b	2.7	<0.001
Vitamin A	10.5	68.5	21.0	10.2	75.4	14.3	22.9	69.4	7.6	<0.001
Vitamin C	1.2	98.8 ^a	0	0.0	100 ^a	0	7.0	93.0 ^b	0	<0.001
Vitamin E	79.6	20.4 ^a	0	97.1	2.9 ^b	0	95.0	5.0 ^b	0	<0.001
Fortified Milk Consumers (FMCs)
	1 to <3 years n = 294			3 to <6 years n = 262			6 to <10 years n = 185
	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	% <AR	% >AR	% >UL	p
Zinc	0.7 *	63.9 ^a	35.4 *	1.1	43.5 *^b	55.3 *	4.3 *	57.8 *^a	37.8 *	<0.001
Selenium	3.4	87.4 ^a	9.2	0	90.1 *^a	9.9 *	0.5	97.3 ^b	2.2	<0.001
Vitamin A	0.7 *	65.3 ^a	34.0 *	2.3 *	81.7 ^b	16.0	10.8 *	83.8 *^b	5.4	<0.001
Vitamin C	0.0	100	0	0.0	100	0	0.5 *	99.5 *	0	0.000
Vitamin E	9.2 *	90.8 *^a	0 *	53.8 *	46.2 *^b	0	42.7 *	57.3 *^b	0	<0.001

AR: average requirement; UL: tolerable upper intake level. The percentage for inadequacy was calculated by comparing intakes with EFSA recommendations (AR were used for zinc, vitamin A, and C; AI was used for selenium and vitamin E). Results are expressed in percentages (%). Usual Intake for two 24 h dietary recalls were used for zinc, selenium, and vitamin C and E. Average gram intake values from two 24 h dietary recalls were used for vitamin A. Chi-square test was used to evaluate differences by total and age group between REF and FMC groups (significant differences are marked with an asterisk * in the percentage values of FMC). Chi-square test analysis was used to calculate differences among age groups within subpopulations (significant differences are marked with superscript letters in the percentage value of subjects meeting the recommendations from each group). p-values for this test are included in the last column of the table. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.