Table 7.
Effect of olive pomace oil (OPO) and sunflower oil (SO) consumption on diabetes markers *.
| Normocholesterolemic n = 31 |
Hypercholesterolemic n = 37 |
p Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPO | SO | OPO | SO | Oil | N/H | N/H × Oil | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Initial | 80 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 83 ± 2 | 81 ± 1 | 0.938 | 0.259 | 0.130 |
| Final | 81 ± 1 | 79 ± 2 | 83 ± 1 | 83 ± 1 | 0.433 | 0.403 | 0.944 |
| Rate of change | 1.3 ± 1.2 a | −2.6 ± 1.3 b | −0.3 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 0.825 | 0.073 | 0.007 |
| Insulin (µUI/mL) | |||||||
| Initial | 7.3 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.8 | 10.2 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 0.9 | 0.977 | 0.243 | 0.579 |
| Final | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 0.918 | 0.007 | 0.449 |
| Rate of change | −5.6 ± 6.5 | −12.5 ± 5.6 | 4.7 ± 7.6 | 8.8 ± 5.9 | 0.077 | 0.802 | 0.825 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||||||
| Initial | 5.30 ± 0.05 | 5.33 ± 0.04 | 5.33 ± 0.04 | 5.36 ± 0.04 | 0.433 | 0.403 | 0.944 |
| Final | 5.30 ± 0.04 | 5.29 ± 0.04 | 5.33 ± 0.03 | 5.32 ± 0.04 | 0.837 | 0.488 | 0.949 |
| Rate of change | 0.1 ± 0. 5 | −0.6 ± 0. 6 | 0.0 ± 0. 4 | −0.8 ± 0. 4 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.258 |
| HOMA-IR | |||||||
| Initial | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 0.886 | 0.186 | 0.674 |
| Final | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.978 | 0.006 | 0.560 |
| Rate of change | −3.1 ± 7.4 | −14.3 ± 5.8 | 6.0 ± 8.6 | 12.4 ± 6.2 | 0.952 | 0.020 | 0.102 |
| HOMA-β | |||||||
| Initial | 174 ± 21 | 191 ± 27 | 188 ± 20 | 140 ± 36 | 0.503 | 0.619 | 0.767 |
| Final | 143 ± 14 | 185 ± 43 | 186 ± 19 | 166 ± 15 | 0.669 | 0.607 | 0.185 |
| Rate of change | −8.5 ± 5.3 | 4.9 ± 5.2 | 7.1 ± 7.2 | −1.7 ± 6.9 | 0.665 | 0.633 | 0.218 |
| QUICKI | |||||||
| Initial | 0.371 ± 0.005 | 0.363 ± 0.005 | 0.358 ± 0.006 | 0.365 ± 0.006 | 0.931 | 0.348 | 0.200 |
| Final | 0.379 ± 0.005 | 0.376 ± 0.006 | 0.359 ± 0.005 | 0.363 ± 0.006 | 0.943 | 0.005 | 0.658 |
| Rate of change | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | −0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.891 | 0.011 | 0.096 |
* Values represent mean ± SEM. The table shows the initial (pre-treatment) and final (post-treatment) mean values. The rate of change was calculated from initial and final values as [(final value-initial value)/initial value] and expressed as percentage. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model. p values in the first column correspond to the effect of taking the oil (OPO or SO), those of the penultimate column correspond to the effect of the group [normocholesterolemic (N) or hypercholesterolemic (H)], and the last column to the interaction of oil and group. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c. HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model to assessment insulin resistance. HOMA-β: Homeostatic model to assess β-cell functionality. QUICKI: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.