Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of enrolled patients according to death at post-discharge follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated by a multivariate Cox regression model (model chi-square = 119.586, p < 0.001; log-likelihood = 1394.384). Expected survival at 1 year was assessed based on data from the Italian Population registry in 2019. Proportions in the survived/deceased columns are reported as row percentages.
| All cases N 368 | Survived N 236 | Deceased N 132 | p Value | Hazard Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 85 [82, 89] | 84 [81, 87] | 87 [83, 91] | <0.01 | 1.08 [0.97, 1.21] | 0.16 |
| Age 80–85 years | 177 (48.1%) | 131 (74.0%) | 46 (26.0%) | |||
| Age 85–89 years | 111 (30.2%) | 73 (65.8%) | 38 (34.2%) | <0.01 | ||
| Age 90–94 years | 66 (17.9%) | 29 (44.9%) | 37 (56.1%) | |||
| Age ≥ 95 years | 14 (3.8%) | 3 (21.4%) | 11 (78.6%) | |||
| Expected Survival/1 year | 49.7% [49.7, 69.4] | 69.4% [49.7, 69.4] | 49.7% [29.6, 69.4] | <0.01 | 3.97 [0.25, 62.29] | 0.33 |
| Follow-up (months) | 15 [6, 18] | 17 [15, 18] | 4 [2, 6] | |||
| Sex (male) | 163 (44.3%) | 115 (70.6%) | 48 (29.4%) | 0.02 | 0.89 [0.62, 1.30] | 0.58 |
| Frailty and self-reported quality of life before COVID | ||||||
| Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) | 5 [4, 6] | 5 [4, 6] | 6 [6, 7] | <0.01 | ||
| CFS 1–3 | 52 (14.4%) | 50 (96.2%) | 2 (3.8%) | Reference category | ||
| CFS 4–6 | 237 (64.4%) | 165 (69.6%) | 72 (30.4%) | <0.01 | 4.91 [1.16, 20.70] | 0.03 |
| CFS 7–9 | 79 (21.5%) | 21 (26.6%) | 58 (73.4%) | 6.61 [1.47, 29.80] | 0.01 | |
| Resident in nursing home | 92 (25.0%) | 42 (45.7%) | 50 (54.3%) | <0.01 | 1.06 [0.72, 1.55] | 0.77 |
| Autonomous in ADL (not) | 213 (57.9%) | 182 (85.4%) | 31 (14.6%) | <0.01 | 3.55 [2.20, 5.78] | <0.01 |
| EQ-5D-5L cumulative value | 8 [5, 10] | 9 [7, 13] | / | / | ||
| Clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 disease | ||||||
| PaO2/FiO2 at ED admission | 295 [233, 357] | 290 [233, 344] | 304 [228, 376] | 0.42 | ||
| NEWS at ED admission | 5 [4, 7] | 5 [4.75, 6.25] | 5 [4, 8] | 0.80 | ||
| NEWS > 5 at ED admission | 16 (4.3%) | 6 (37.5%) | 10 (62.5%) | 0.02 | 1.41 [0.73, 2.70] | 0.29 |
| Consolidation at chest X-ray | 304 (82.6%) | 201 (66.1%) | 103 (33.9%) | 0.08 | ||
| Delirium | 34 (9.2%) | 14 (41.2%) | 20 (58.5%) | <0.01 | 1.41 [0.83, 2.72] | 0.22 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 119 (32.3%) | 81 (68.1%) | 38 (31.9%) | 0.28 | ||
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 14.3 [8.5, 22.5] | 13.1 [8.1, 22.2] | 17.3 [10.0, 23.1] | 0.02 | 1.00 [0.97, 1.01] | 0.89 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| CCI | 5 [4, 6] | 5 [4, 6] | 5 [4, 6] | <0.01 | ||
| Comorbidities ≥ 3 | 127 (34.5%) | 69 (54.3%) | 58 (45.7%) | <0.01 | 1.08 [0.75, 1.55] | 0.68 |
| Hypertension | 162 (44.0%) | 120 (74.1%) | 42 (25.9%) | <0.01 | ||
| History of CAD | 54 (14.7%) | 37 (68.5%) | 17 (31.5%) | 0.47 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 56 (15.2%) | 32 (57.1%) | 24 (42.9%) | 0.24 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (3.5%) | 6 (46.2%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0.17 | ||
| Dementia | 73 (19.8%) | 21 (53.8%) | 52 (46.2%) | <0.01 | ||
| COPD | 57 (15.5%) | 36 (63.2%) | 21 (36.8%) | 0.87 | ||
| Diabetes | 90 (24.5%) | 53 (58.9%) | 37 (41.1%) | 0.23 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 34 (9.2%) | 19 (55.9%) | 15 (44.1%) | 0.29 | ||
| Malignancy | 9 (2.4%) | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.07 | ||
Abbreviations: EQ-5D-5L: 5 level EQ-5D; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; ADL: activities of daily living; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NEWS: national early warning score.